INTRODUCTION. 



the Tioughnioga. It flows southwestward through Chenango 

 county and empties at Whitney Point, twelve miles above Che- 

 nango Forks. 



The Susquehanna's western tributary, the Chemung, is 

 formed by the union of the Tioga, Conhoctoa and Canisteo, about 

 forty miles from its mouth. The Tioga flows north through 

 Tioga county (Pa ), and joins the Chemung at Painted Post in 

 Steuben county. Its first tributary is the Cowanesgiie river, 

 which flows nearly east through Tioga county (Pa.), and empties 

 near Lawrenceville. The Canisico river flows east through 

 Steuben county and empties into the Tioga near Painted Post 

 The Conhocton flows southeast through Steuben county and 

 empties into the Chemung at Painted Post. Of the Chemung's 

 tributaries, Bald-u'in creek flows south through Chemung county, 

 emptying at Lowman P. O. ; Seeley creek flows northeast through 

 Chemung county and empties three miles east of Elmira. Be7itly 

 creek rises in Bradford county and flows north, emptying at 

 Wellsburg in Chemung county. Post creek flows south in 

 Chemung county, emptying at Corning. Sing Sing creek flows 

 south through Chemung county, emptying at Big Flats. New- 

 town creek flows south through Chemung county, emptying at 

 Elmira. 



The majority of these are rapid streams, the course of the 

 smaller ones being often interrupted by cascades. In the main 

 valley of the Suscjuehanna the rate of fall, taken from the rail- 

 way levels, which closely follow the river, is as follows: 



Statu ).\. Ai^ovk Tide. 



Susquehanna 914 feet. 



Binghamton 868 * ' 



Owego S22 " 



Smithboro 799 ** 



Tunkhannock 610 " 



This would make the fall from Sus(|uehanna to Waverly 

 about two feet to the mile. In this part of its course the river 

 has many deep and ([uiet coves whose semi-stagnant water forms 

 congenial homes for Heterant/icra diihia, Nymphica advefia, 

 N. microp/iylia, Vaiisneria spiralis, Udora Canadensis, Ccra- 

 tophylium demersum, and many pond-weeds. The muddy shores 

 are bordered with Sparganiums, Alisma Plantago-aijuatica, 

 Sagittarias, Lobelia cardinalis, and various sedges. 



