KEY TO THE ORDERS. 



Sdbkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. 



'Ovules, and seeds, borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigmas wanting. 



Class 1. Gymxospeemae. 

 'Ovules, and seeds, in a closed cavity, the ovary : stigmas present. 



Class 2. Angiospermae. 



Class 1. Gymnospermae. 



Plants growing by lateral and terminal buds, with scale-like, flat or needle-like 

 leaves : embryo with 2-several cotyledons. Order Finales. 



Class 2. Angiospermae. 



■Cotyledon 1 : stem endogenous. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones. 



Cotyledons typically 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions). 



Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. 



Order Arales. 

 Order Naiadales. 

 bracts (scales or 



Order Poales. 



Order Alismales. 

 Order Xyridales. 



Order Liliales. 

 Order Arales. 



Subclass 1. Monocotyledones. 



Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, not 

 corolla-like, or wanting. 

 Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes). 



Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Order Pan'danales. 



Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. 

 Fruit baccate : endosperm present. 

 Fruit drupaceous : endosperm wanting. 

 Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, 

 glumes). 

 Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid. 

 GjTioecium of distinct carpels. 

 Gynoecium of united carpels. 

 Endosperm mealy. 

 Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous. 



A. Ovary, and fruit, superior. 

 Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. 

 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe, 



B. Ovary, and fruit, wholly inferior or half-inferior. 

 Endosperm present and usually copious. Order Amaeyllidales. 

 Endosperm wanting. 



Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious : aquatic plants. 



Order Hydeocharitales. 

 Flowers irregular, perfect : terrestrial or epiphytic plants. 



Order Orchidales, 



Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. 



A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers of Juglans (Juglandaceae). 

 Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. 

 Herbs. 



Flowers mainly perfect. 



Seeds solitary in each carpel or in each cavity of the ovary : endo- 

 sperm present. 

 Flowers spicate : styles wanting : stigmas sessile. 



Order Piperales. 

 Flowers axillary : styles present. 



Callithichaceae in Order Euphorbiales. 

 Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting. 



Podostemaceae in Order Rosales. 

 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order Euphorbiales. 



Trees or shrubs : flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous. 

 Fruit 1-seeded: seeds without tufts of hairs. 



Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads. 

 Pistillate flowers without a calyx: ovule erect and orthotropous. 



Order Myricales. 

 Pistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous. 

 Leaf-blades simple. 



Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order Fagales. 



Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. 



