PODOPHYLLACEAE. 127 



Stigma 12-24-rayed : capsule over 3 cm. long. 1. N. advena. 



Stigma 7-9-rayed : capsule less than 2 cm. long. 2. N. microphylla. 



1. N. advena Soland. Plants stout: blades of the emersed leaves suborbicular 

 to ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-2.5 dm. long, the sinus open ; submersed leaves few 

 or usually wanting: sepals 6, obovate to oval, yellow, and usually tinged with 

 green or brown: petals shorter than the sepals: stigmatie disk yellow, 12-24- 

 rayed: fruits 3.5-5 cm. long^ without a neck. — Common, in ponds and still 

 water. — Spr. and sum. 



2. N. microphylla Pers. Plants slender: blades of the emersed leaves oval to 

 oval-elliptic, 0.4-1 dm. long, the sinus narrow; submersed leaves present and 

 usually numerous: sepals 5, obovate to oval, yellow or green-tinged: petals 

 shorter than the sepals and narrower: stigmatie disk red, 7-10-rayed: fruits 

 1.5-2 cm. long, with a neck. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in shallow 

 water. — Sum. 



2. CASTALIA Salisb. Plants with floating leaves and white, pink, blue, 

 or yelliiw flowers. Leaf-blades peltate and cleft at the base. Sepals mostly 

 4, spreading. Petals numerous, spreading^ the outer ones about as large as 

 the sepals. Stamens consisting of narrow anthers terminating slender filaments. 



1. C. odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Leaf -blades suborbicular to oval, 

 0.5-1.5 cm. long, inconspicuously venose-reticulate beneath, the edges flat: 

 flowers fragrant: calyx 7-15 cm. wide: petals white or pink: anthers of the 

 outer stamens 12-14 mm. long: berries 2.5-3 cm. in diameter. — Common, 

 especially in the Susquehanna Eiver and its tributaries. — Sum. — Water-lily. 



Family 9. PODOPHYLLACEAE. May-apple Family. 



Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal: blades simple 

 or ternately compound. Flowers j^erfeet, of 4 or 6 sepals. Corolla of 6 

 or 9 petals resembling the sepals except in Caulophyllum. Androecium 

 of 6-18 stamens, the anthers opening by valves, except in Podophyllum. 



Stamens 12-18 ; anthers opening lengthwise : seeds numerous, enclosed. 



1. Podophyllum. 

 Stamens 6 : anthers opening by hinged valves : seeds 2, naked. 2. Caulophyllum. 



1. PODOPHYLLUM L, Large herbs, with elongate rootstoeks. Leaves 

 2 at the top of the flowering stem: blades peltate, many-lobed. Flower nod- 

 ding. Sepals 6, fugaceous. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. Fruits nodding. 



1. P. peltatum L. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular, 1-3 dm. in 

 diameter, 7-9-lobed: pedicel 2-4 cm. long: petals white, 6-9, obovate, 2.5-4 cm. 

 long, wax-like : berry somewhat oblique, 4-5 cm. long. — Common, in rich 

 soil, especially in woods. — Spr. — May-apple. Mandrake. 



2. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Large herbs, with thick rootstoeks. Leaf 

 high up on the flowering stem, ternately compound. Flowers in a raceme-like 

 cyme. Sepals 6, accompanied by 3 or 4 bractlets. Petals 6, gland-like, dilated. 

 Stamens 6 : anthers shorter than the filaments. Fruits erect. 



1. 0, thalictroides (L.) Michx. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leafiets 2-3-lobed at the 

 apex, 4-10 cm. long: panicle 4-10 cm. long: sepals greenish or purplish, 3-6 

 mm. long: petals about 2 mm. long: seeds about 1 cm. in diameter. — Common, 

 in rich soil in woods and along streams. — Spr. — Blue-cohosh. Pappoose- 



ROOT. 



