VIOLACEAE. 195 



Blades of the upper leaves and of the terminal stipule- 

 lobe entire or nearly so : petals twice as long as the 

 sepals or less ; lateral ones narrow. 25. V. Bafinesquii. 



Blades of the upper leaves and of the terminal stipule- 

 lobe markedly toothed : petals over twice the length 

 of the sepals, the lateral ones broad. 26. V. tricolor. 



1. y._ pedata L. Plant nearly glabrous: rootstock short, erect: leaf -blades 

 3-divided, the lateral divisions pedately 3-5-parted or cleft, the segments 

 linear to spatulate, often 2-4-toothed or -cleft near the apex; the leaf -blades of 

 early spring and of late autumn often smaller and less deeply dissected: corolla 

 2-3 cm. broad, the upper petals dark-violet, the three lower lilac-purple (or all 

 petals lilac-purple in V. pedata lineariloba), all beardless: the orange tips of 

 the stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower: capsules green, 

 glabrous: seeds copper-colored: apetalous flowers wanting, but petaliferons 

 frequent in late summer and fall. — N. S. Common, on dry banks. — Sand- 

 stones and shales, schists. — Birdfoot -violet. 



2. V. palmata L. Leaf-blades palmately 5-11-lobed or -parted, the segments 

 variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest; petioles, and 

 veins of the lower leaf -surf ace villous, the upper surface often glabrous: sepals 

 ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt: corolla violet-purple, 2-3 cm. broad: cleistog- 

 amous flowers on prostrate peduncles, their capsules ovoid, mottled with brown, 

 S-12 mm. long: seeds brown. — Common, in dry rich woods. 



3. V. Stoneana House. Similar to V. palmata in habit, glabrous, except for 

 few fine hairs on the leaf -margins and veins: leaf -blades palmately 3-parted or 

 3-divided, the divisions 2-3-cleft into dilated toothed segments: peduncles 

 often as tall as the leaves: petals violet, paler toward the tips, the outer ones 

 bearded, the spurred one glabrous: cleistogamous flowers on short prostrate 

 peduncles, their capsules ovoid, mottled with purple: seeds buff. — E. Occa- 

 sional, in moist woods and on banks. — Quartzite, schists. 



■4. V. triloba Schwein. Earliest leaf-blades, and those put forth in late sum- 

 mer, broadly cordate-ovate, usually uncut, sparsely pubescent or glabrate; those 

 unfolding at petaliferous flowering, densely villous beneath like the petioles, 

 3-lobed or rarely 3-parted, the middle segment broad, the lateral lunate, 

 divaricate, often coarsely toothed or pedately cleft, the upper subdivision nar- 

 row; blades 10-15 cm. wide when mature: peduncles mostly glabrous, shorter 

 than the leaves: outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly 

 ciliate: petals deep-violet: cleistogamous capsules ovoid, purplish: seeds buff 

 or brown. — Frequent, in dry rich woods. 



5. V. papillonacea Pursh. Plants glabrous, commonly robust, from a stout 

 horizontal branching rootstock: leaf -blades often 12 cm. broad, sometimes 

 deltoid in outline above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly 

 pointed; petioles often sparingly pubescent: outer sepals ovate-lanceolate: 

 corolla deei)-violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly 

 white, the odd petal often narrow and boat -shaped, usually glabrous: cleistog- 

 amous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually underground but length- 

 ened and erect when the capsules ripen: capsules ellipsoid or cylindric, green 

 or reddish-brown, 10-15 mm. long: seeds 2 mm. long, dark-brown. — Common, 

 in moist meadows and woods, and about dwellings. 



6. V. sororia Willd. Leaf -blades broadly cordate-ovate, villous-pubescent 

 especially on the under surface when young, and on the petioles, often 10 cm. 

 wide when mature: vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves: 

 outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, all finely ciliate below the middle 

 and on the short rounded auricles: corolla violet to lavender and occasionally 

 white: cleistogamous capsules usually mottled with brown: seeds dark-brown, 

 2 mm. long. — Occasional, in moist meadows and on shaded banks, and about 

 dwellings. 



