CARDUACEAE. 333 



Receptacle from flat to convex. 



Achenes of the disk neither sharp-angled, margined nor winged. 

 Rays fertile; their achenes commonly 3-angled or obcompressed ; 

 plants with thick balsamiferous tap-roots. 

 Pappus none ; stem scapiform or with reduced leaves. 



48. Balsamorrhiza. 

 Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown or of distinct chaffs ; stem 

 low but leafy. 49. Wyethia. 



Rays sterile or wanting ; plants not with fleshy tap-root. 

 Pappus none or a minute ring. 45. Gymnolomia. 



Pappus of 2 scarious awns. 50. Helianthus. 



Achenes of the disk thin-edged, margined or winged. 

 Ray-flowers neutral ; achenes scarcely winged. 



51. Helianthella. 

 * Ray-flowers fertile ; achenes winged. 52. Ximenesia. 



b. Achenes obcompressed ; chaffs flat or hardly concave ; involucres 

 distinctly double. 

 Bracts of the involucres distinct or nearly so. 



Pappus in ours of small teeth, a mere border, or wanting. 



53. Coreopsis. 

 Pappus of 2-4 barbed or hispid awns. 54. Bidens. 



Bracts of the inner involucre united at least to near the middle. 



55. Thelesperma. 

 2. Pappus of s-many, linear to lanceolate scales with thickened axis and 

 hyaline margins. 74. Gaillardia. 



B. Bracts of the involucres uniserial, partly or wholly enclosing the achenes of 

 the fertile ray-flowers ; plants glandular-viscid. 56. Madia. 



Tribe 6. HELENIAE. 



A. Plant-tissues without oil-glands. 



I. Ligules persistent and becoming papery on the striate achenes ; plants more 

 or less woolly. 57. Psilostrophe. 



II. Ligules deciduous or none. 



a. Achenes flat with only marginal nerves ; disk-corollas 4-toothed. 



58. Pericome. 



b. Achenes angled, not flat, nerved or striate. 

 I. Receptacle naked. 



a. Bracts of the involucres pale or colored, at least the margins and 



tips scarious. 

 Corollas of the disk-flowers with reflexed or spreading lobes ; bracts of 

 the broadly campanulate involucres obovate or broadly oblong. 

 Heads discoid. 59. Hymenopappus. 



Heads radiate ; ligules obscurely toothed, yellowish or white. 



60. Leucampyx. 

 Corolla of the disk -flowers with linear, erect lobes ; bracts of the 



turbinate involucres spatulate to linear-oblanceolate in two series ; 

 heads' in our species radiate ; ligules deeply cleft, purple. 



61. Polypteris. 



b. Bracts of the involucres neither colored nor scarious. 

 Achenes 4-angled. 



Foliage impressed punctate ; leaves, at least the lower, opposite. 

 Perennials, suff'ruticose at the base ; leaf -segments oblong to 



linear. 62. Picradeniopsis. 



Annuals : leaf-segments filiform or nearly so. 



63. ACHYROPAPPUS. 



Foliage not impressed-punctate ; leaves alternate. 

 Bracts obovate, cuneate or oblanceolate. 



Perennials with a woody caudex ; leaves entire; pappus of 10 



scales. 64. Platyschkuhria. 



Annuals ; leaves dissected ; pappus in our species wanting. 



65. Bahia. 

 Bracts linear. 66. Chaenaciis. 



