HEATH FAMILY 61 



6. P. aphylla Sm. Red Canker. Scapes red, often many and clustered, from 

 a scalj'-bracted rootstock, 9 to 12 (or 16) inches high; leaves few or scale-like or at 

 times apparently none; raceme (2% or) 4 to 7 inches long; calyx red; petals obovate 

 or elliptic, whitish or flesh-color; capsule 3 lines broad. 



Wooded mountains, 100 to 8000 feet : mountains of coastal Southern California; 

 Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to eastern Siskij-ou Co.; Coast Ranges from Santa 

 Cruz Co. to western Siskiyou Co. North to British Columbia. June-July. 



Biol. note. — Ordinary or imperfect specimens of Pyrola aphylla, as found in herbaria, are 

 so often leafless that this species has been regarded by various authors as a parasite or a sapro- 

 phyte. Expanded green leaves are, however, not infrequently borne at the base of the flowering 

 scape (Kneeland Prairie, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3047). Terminal rosettes of foliaceous leaves are 

 produced also on sterile shoots of the season (Long Gulch, Yreka, Butler 38). It is probably true 

 that flowering shoots of a season always arise from the terminal bud of the sterile shoots of the 

 preceding season. Long ago, Theodore Holm demonstrated, chiefly on anatomical grounds, that 

 Pyrola aphylla is an autophyte, and neither a parasite nor saprophyte (Bot. Gaz. 25:246^254, 

 pi. 17, — 1898). He also emphasized the significance of the large number of scale leaves which are 

 produced. 



Pyrola aphylla is not known east of the Sierra Nevada, but it occurs in that portion of the 

 Sierra Nevada range which lies in western Nevada, namely the east side of Lake Tahoe. 



On Nov. 18, 1936, Jos. P. Tracy writes from Humboldt Co.: "Pyrola aphylla, picta and den- 

 tata are closely allied species. Specimens of these species bearing small leaves require some notice. 

 I have plants of undoubted P. picta with small reduced but stOI round and spotted leaves. I have 

 other plants that I would refer to P. aphylla, although they possess small leaves shaped like those 

 of P. dentata or its var. integra. The habitat of these three species is similar, and all occur spo- 

 radically, that is, never in extensive colonies, but onl.y a small clump here and there, spaced often 

 as widely as one hundred feet" (Jepson Corr. 39:868. ms.). 



The flowers of Pyrola aphylla and P. picta, as observed on plants at Dorrington, Calaveras 

 Co., resemble each other closely: in P. aphylla the flowers are 31/2 to 4 lines long, on pedicels 3 to 

 314 lines long, the corolla is white or greenish or sometimes pinkish, the upper pair of petals closely 

 approximate above the anther mass with the tips incurving so as to make a sort of hood : in P. 

 picta the flowers are 5 lines long, on pedicels 1% to 3 lines long, the corolla is brown-pink, the 

 upper pair of petals spreading loosely above the stamen mass or only slightly approximate. 



Locs. — S. Cal. : Cuyamaca Mts., StoTces : Palomar Mt., Esther Hewlett 15 ; San Jacinto Mts., 

 Condit ; Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., J. Grinnell. Sierra Nevada: Pine Eidge, Fresno Co., 

 Ball $• Chandler 583; Mariposa Big Trees, Bolander 4979; Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 

 7694; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,075; Milford, Lassen Co., M. S. Balcer ; ne. Shasta 

 Co., M. S. Baker; Mt. Shasta, Brewer 1411. Coast Ranges: Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mts., ace. 

 C. A. Seed; Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Elmer 4297; Bear Valley, Marin Co., G. Syme; betw. 

 Guerneville and Monte Rio, lower Russian River, E. Ferguson 230; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 14,644; 

 Signal Ridge, Yorkville, Mendocino Co., W. W. Carruth; Bull Creek, South Fork Eel River, Con- 

 stance 792; betw. Willow Creek and Hupa, Jepson 2023 ; betw. Dyers ranch and Hawkins Bar, w. 

 Trinity Co., Jepson 1998 ; Humbug Mt., Siskiyou Co., Butler 1575. 



Refs. — Pyrola aphylla Sm., Bees' Cycl. 29: Pyrola no. 7 (1814), type from "west coast of 

 North America" (Nootka Sound, ace. D. Don, Card. Diet. 3:864), Menzies; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. 

 Cal. 368 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 737 (1925). 



16. ALLOTROPA T. & G. 



Fleshy saprophytic perennial herb. Stems bright red with longitudinal white 

 stripes in sharp contrast, densely clothed with scales at base and with scattered 

 scales above. Flowers brownish-red in a dense spike-like raceme. Calyx of 5 sepals. 

 Corolla none. Stamens 10, or at summit of spike 8; anthers short and thick, some- 

 what 2-lobed, apiculate at apex, turned inward and downward on the apex of the 

 filament and thus somewhat pendulous, each cell opening by a chink on the back 

 which reaches from the base to the middle. Ovary globose, 5-celled; style short; 

 stigma peltate-capitate, shallowly 5-lobed. — Species 1. (Greek alios, different, and 

 tropos, turned, the raceme not nodding as in Monotropa.) 



1. A. virgata T. & G. Sugar Stick. Plants 1/2 to 2 feet high; raceme virgate, 

 mostly 6 to 9 inches long; scales of the stem often bluish-white; flowers 21/2 to 3 lines 

 long, on pedicels 1 line long; sepals rhomboidal or ovate, thin, whitish, shorter than 

 the red or purple-black stamens; ovary dark red or purple-black, the style white. 



