450 SOLAXACEAE 



families where species have been attributed to "California" in publications originating in the 

 eastern United States (species not known as Californian in California), inquiry at source by this 

 author has failed in every case to elicit confirmation of such a statement in terms of a specific 

 station, collector and collector's number. If, however, the "California" of such publications were 

 validated by citation of a definite station with the usual evidence accompanying such a citation it 

 would obviously furnish a readier means for determining clearly the occurrence of susijected 

 species in our area. 



Embryo straight or slightly curved, the curve less than a semicircle; corolla tubular or funnel- 

 form ; fruit a 2-celled capsule. 



Flowers in panicles or racemes; herbs (in ours) or one species a shrub 1. Nicotiana. 



Flowers not in panicles or racemes ; herbs. 



Flowers in axillary umbels; seeds flattened 2. Oktctes. 



Flowers solitary in the axils; seeds not flattened 3. Petunia. 



Embryo clearly curved, the curve forming more than a half-circle. 



Ovary 4-celled; corolla very large (2 to 9 inches long) ; capsule spiny; herbs 4. Datuka. 



Ovary 2-celled ; fruit a berry. 



Corolla funnelform; spiny shrubs 5. LYcruM. 



Corolla rotate; herbs, or some species in no. 6 woody at base. 



Anthers connivent, longer than the filaments; cah-x remaining small 6. Solantjm. 



Anthers not connivent, mostly shorter than the filaments. 



Calyx herbaceous, not inflated, closely investing the berry.. 7. Chamaesaeacha. 



Calyx in fruit becoming large and bladdery, and loosely enclosing the berry 



8. Physalis. 



1. NICOTIANA L. Tobacco 



Heavy-scented usually viseid-pubesceut herbs or slirubs with entire leaves. 

 Flowers in panicles or racemes. Calyx persistent, more or less investing the fruit, 

 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its (proper) tube in ours 

 short, the throat long. Stamens inserted at summit of corolla-tube or iu the throat, 

 usually 4 long and 1 shoi't, mostly included. Fruit a smooth capsule, septicidal, 

 the valves promptly 2-cleft at apex, thus seeming as if 4-valved. Seeds small, nu- 

 merous. — Species about 50, chiefly North and South America, some in Australia, 

 a few endemic in islands of the Pacific Ocean. (Jean Nicot, French diplomat and 

 author of the most ancient dictionary in the French language, but more celebrated 

 as having introduced tobacco into France from Portugal.) 



Note on aboriginal uses. — On the Hupa Expedition in 1902, this author, in company with 

 the anthropologist, Pliny E. Goddard, first saw cultural colonies of Nicotiana bigelovii on the 

 lands of the Hupa tribe. It was, in primitive times, their onl)- agricultural practice. Their neigh- 

 bors southward, the Pomos, also used the leaves for smoking but apparently never cultivated the 

 plant. Probably Nicotiana bigelovii, throughout its range in California, was everywhere used by 

 the various native tribes as a smoking tobacco. Nicotiana attenuata was likewise gathered by 

 the Indi.an tribes living within its range for smoking or chewing or other uses. The northern 

 Paiute Indians in Modoc County (the Paviotso) smoked this tobacco in stone pipes, says Isabel 

 Kelly who adds: "The leaves were gathered, dried, pounded and stored in sacks (presumably 

 buckskin). A little deer fat was added to improve the flavor." In the South Fork Valley, Kern 

 County, near Weldon, both Nicotiana attenuata and Nicotiana bigelovii are still gathered by the 

 women of the Tiibatulabal tribe (Ernunie W. Voegelin, Anthropological Eecords, vol. 2, no. 1). 

 "Tobacco and lime chewed, drunk, snuffed, eaten by men and women, and also used as offering" 

 (p. 37). Kernels of the Digger Pine nuts (Pinus saliiniana) were mixed with tobacco "because 

 they gave a better flavor" (p. 11). In Southern California the Coahuilla Indians smoked Nico- 

 tiana attenuata; it was also "pounded up in small mortars especially kept for this purpose, mixed 

 with water and chewed" (David P. Barrows, Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians, 75). 



At Santa Barbara in 1875 J. T. Kothrock unearthed stone pipes in Indian mounds and also 

 found Nicotiana clevelandii growing on the mounds (Bot. Wheeler, 48). He makes the inference 

 that in all probability this species of Nicotiana was used as a smoking tobacco by the Indians 

 of the district (that is the Barbarenos). 



For further reference to the literature of indigenous species of smoking and chewing tobaccos 

 in California see E. "W. Voegelin, I.e. 38, 81. 



Shrub; corolla yellow ; herbage glabrous 1. N. glauca. 



Herbs; corolla white to greenish or greenish-yellow; herbage viscid. 



Leaf -blades (except the lowermost) auricled at the sessile base; flowers open during the day; 

 perennial; transmontane deserts 2. N. trigonophylia. 



