way Station (junction with chalk), Mockbeggar, Gillingham, 

 road cutting from Twydale to the Quay, Bredhurst, etc. 



1^2) Woolwich and Reading Beds. — Very variable, plastic clays, sands, 

 etc. Bottom beds with flint pebbles in a green more or less 

 clayey sand ; here and there oyster shells. Where resting on 

 chalk, flints angular and green-coated instead of rolled as above. 



Sections or Patches. — High Halstow, Higham, Islingham 

 (swallow holes), Mockbeggar, Upnor, etc., etc. 



(3) Oldhaven Beds. — Consist almost " wholly of perfectl}^ rolled flint- 



pebbles in a fine sandy base, or of fine, sharp, light-coloured 

 quartzose sand." (Whitaker, Geology of the Loyidon Basin). 



Sites a7id Sections. — About Upchurch, High Halstow, Cliffe, 

 Higham, Gravesend, Shorne, Upnor (pits), Newington, etc., 

 top of Holly Hill and other chalk hill summits. 



(4) Lo?idon Clay.- " Consists of tenacious brown and bluish-grey clays 



with layers of septaria." (Whitaker). Basement beds with 

 " admixture of green and yellowish sands generally mixed with 

 rounded flint-pebbles, and not infrequently cemented by car- 

 bonate of lime into semi-concretionary tabular masses." These 

 flints when tapped with hammer fall to pieces. Beds highly 

 fossiliferous. 



Where seen. — Shorne Wood Thighest ground), Hundred of 

 Hoo, Cooling, Upnor, Upchurch, Lower Halstow, etc. 



N.B. — Upnor. — In large pit at east end of village adjoining 

 wood the whole series from lyondon Clay to Thanet Sand is 

 shown. 



Pleistocene. 



Rivet Drift. — Along the borders of the Medway (and Thames too) 

 here and there occur patches of gravel, cla}', loam, etc., containing 

 numerous smooth, rounded pebbles. These are identical in compo- 

 sition with the bedrocks over which the river has flowed, and through 

 which it has cut down its bed for 600 or 800ft. If at any point in the 

 river's counse these pebbles are examined they will be found exactly 

 to resemble the rocks over which the river flows at that point, or the 

 rocks higher up, i.e., nearer the river's source. This is important as 

 showing that they and their containing gravel have been brought 

 down by the stream and deposited as the current slowed down. Near 

 these rivers, during long ages of the past, animals living at those times 

 prowled along their banks in search of prey or browsed the dense 

 herbage clothing their margins. Death was rampant then as now, and 

 of numerous bodies left there some were occasionally washed down to 

 the river by periodic or exceptional floods, dropped down to the 

 bottom, and subsequently covered with sediment and slowly fossilised. 

 These remains, from time to time uncovered during the digging of 

 foundations, etc., present us with vivid pictures of the past. The 

 High Level or Plateau Gravels were formed when the river flowed 

 some 600 or 800ft. higher than at present and are much more ancient 



