The Trees of Vermont 209 



/. Rays (cross) mostly all broad; vessels (tangential) 

 ■zvith spirals; rays (tangential) hetzveen broad rays 

 rarely or never uniseriate; wood cross-grained, diffi- 

 cult to split Platanus occidentaiis. 



ff. Rays (cross) only part of them broad; vessels (tan- 

 gential) zvithont spirals; rays (tangential) betzveen 

 broad rays mostly uniseriate; wood mostly straight- 

 grained, easy to split Fagus grandifolia, p. 227. 



cc. Rays (cross) mostly not plainly visible to the naked eye at a 

 distance of 6-9 inches, indistinct to microscopic. 

 d. Pores (cross), or some of them, plainly visible to the naked 

 eye at a distance of a foot, mostly conspicuous in the spring 

 wood, for this reason often approaching characteristics of 

 ring-porous group ; squarish crystals in cells of zvood paren- 

 chyma (longitudinal) common. 



e. Heartwood chocolate-brown, heavy and hard, with mild 

 odor, especially when wet; rays (tangential) mostly 2-3- 



scriate, thick-tapering Juglans nigra. 



ee. Heartwood light chestnut-brown, light and soft, odorless, 

 even when wet; rays (tangential) mostly uniseriate, 



slender-tapering Juglans cinerea. 



dd. Pores (cross) not visible to the naked eye at a distance of a 

 foot, not conspicuous in the spring wood ; squarish crystals 

 in cells of zvood parenchyma (longitudinal) uncommon or 

 zvanting. 

 e. Vessels (tangential) zvith spirals. 



f. Heartwood pale yellow to whitish; rays (tangential) 

 all alike, uniseriate throughout, or nearly so, 



Aesculus hippocastanum. 

 ff. Heartwood brownish, reddish or dark red-brown ; rays 

 (tangential) not all alike,. 1-6-seriate. 

 g. Pores (cross) abundant or fairly abundant, rather 

 evenly distributed; growth rings (cross) not sinuous; 

 pith flecks (cross) usually present; wood parenchyma 

 (cross) not forming distinct, tangential markings. 

 h. Growth rings narrow ; cross-section with curious, 

 sinuous-mottled appearance ; sapwood whitish, 



Pyrus americana. 



hh. Growth rings rather wide ; cross-section without 



sinuous-mottled appearance ; sapwood light brown, 



Amelanchier canadensis. 



