The Trees of Vermont 217 



Wbite Pine 

 Pinus strobus L. 



Characteristics. — Bark thick, dark gray, shallowly fissured into 

 broad, scaly ridges ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood clear yellow 

 to light brown, turning red on exposure to the atmosphere ; non-porous ; 

 growth rings wide, distinct ; transition from spring wood to summer 

 wood gradual ; rays very faint, without resin ducts, the fusiform rays 

 few; resin ducts (vertical) numerous, evenly scattered through the 

 rings, with prominent tyloses ; resin cells wholly absent ; tracheids 

 entirely without spirals. 



Qualities. — Very light in weight, 27 pounds per cubic foot, 

 seasoned ; very soft ; rather weak ; shrinkage 3 percent ; warps very 

 little ; moderately durable when exposed ; very close- and straight- 

 grained ; easily worked ; splits readily, but nails well. 



Uses. — Doors, window-sashes, interior finish and other carpentry, 

 patterns, cabinet-work, matches, boxes, etc. ; the most generally useful 

 of all American woods. 



Red Spruce 

 Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. 



Characteristics. — Bark red-brown, with thin, irregular scales ; 

 heartwood dull white, with occasional reddish streaks, with sapwood 

 of nearly the same shade ; non-porous ; growth rings narrow, but dis- 

 tinct; transition from spring wood to summer wood gradual; rays very 

 faint, the fusiform ones narrow ; resin ducts few and small, scattered, 

 without tyloses ; resin cells absent ; tracheids without spirals. 



Qualities. — Rather light in weight, 28 pounds per cubic foot, 

 seasoned; soft; fairly strong; shrinkage 3 percent; warps little; fairly 

 durable when exposed ; straight-grained ; easy to plane and tolerably 

 easy to saw, but hard to chisel neatly ; splits easily in nailing. 



Uses. — Boats and canoes, oars and paddles, ship timbers, building 

 construction, silos, sounding boards, paper pulp, ladders, etc. 



