The Trees of Vermont 229 



American Aspen. Trembling Poplar. Popple 

 Populus tremuloides Michx. 



Characteristics. — Bark thin, yellowish or greenish and smooth, 

 often roughened with darker, horizontal bands or wart-like excres- 

 cences ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood light brown ; diffuse-porous ; 

 growth rings very wide, not well-defined ; pores more or less uniform 

 in size, but rather more crowded in the spring wood ; rays very fine 

 and indistinct ; vessels without spirals. 



Qualities. — Very light, 25 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned ; soft ; 

 weak ; shrinks moderately ; warps considerably to excessively, but 

 checks Httle ; close-grained ; not durable when exposed ; works easily. 



Uses. — Paper pulp, boxes, crates, excelsior, woodenware, etc. 



Sliellbark Hickory 

 Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch 



Characteristics. — Bark thick and grayish, separating into thick 

 strips 1-3 feet long, free at one or both ends, giving the log a shaggy 

 appearance ; sapwood thin, whitish ; heartwood light brown ; ring- 

 porous ; growth rings narrow, but distinctly marked by the one or more 

 rows of relatively large pores in the spring wood ; pores of the summer 

 wood small and inconspicuous ; rays numerous, but inconsi^icuous to 

 microscopic ; wood parenchyma forming more or less continuous, 

 tangential lines as distinct, or nearly so, as the rays ; vessels without 

 spirals, but containing tyloses. 



Qualities. — Very heavy, 51 pounds per cubic foot, seasoned; 

 very hard; very strong; shrinkage 10 percent; warps badly; straight- 

 and close-grained ; not durable when exposed ; hard to split and very 

 difficult to nail ; very tough and hard to work. 



Uses. — Agricultural implements, handles, carriage-stock, sled run- 

 ners, fuel, etc. ■ 



