PIPER FLORA OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 



49 



and the "black sunflower'' (Wi/efh!(( conplexieauUs) often occupy 

 large areas in nearly pure growths. 



Along the streams and by springs Avillows of several sj^ecies, to- 

 gether with a thorn {Cmtaegus hrevispina) form thick copses. Occa- 

 sionally asjjens (PopuJiis tremuloides) and cottonwo'od {P. triclw- 

 carpa) form groves. The commoner undershrubs are snowberry 

 {Syynphorwarpos I'acemosus) ^ roses {Rosa nutkanaand Ii. pisoearpa), 

 and gooseberries {Klhes inenne and R. Irriguum). Intermingled 

 Avith these are other shrubs of less importance. Occasionally, how- 

 ever, the birch {Betida micro pliyUa) is the most abundant shrub. 

 The accompanying herbaceous vegetation is richer and more varied 

 than on the hills, but the individuals are relatively less abundant. 

 Among the more consi)icuous are : 



CastUleja miniaia. 

 Clem at is h irsittissim a . 

 Heracleum lanatum. 

 Lupinus leiicophylliis. 

 Sidalcea orcgana. 



Holidago .^crofina. 

 Vrtica lyallii. 

 Lrtica holosericea. 

 Valeriana cevatopliylla. 

 Teratnnii ealifoDiieinii. 



The north hillsides flora consists mainly of plants found in the 

 " draws," though there are several species Avhich, while not entirely 

 confined to the north hillsides, flourish there especially well. Such 

 are the adder's tongue {ErytJwonhim, gmndiflorum),h\uehervy (l^ac- 

 dnium cespitosum) ^ Trillium petiolatwm^ and Capnorea villosula. 



The scablands, which as before stated lie mainly between the zone 

 of sagebrush and that of bunchgrass, possess in large part the flora 

 of the latter. A few species, however, are quite characteristic of 

 these basaltic outcroppings. One of these is a service-berry {Amelan- 

 chier eusickii) which often occurs in the cracks of basalt crags. The 

 rock-rose or bitterroot {Leicisia redivira) occurs abundantly in the 

 crevices of " scab," making a brave show with its beautiful rose- 

 colored flowers. Where a thin soil is formed, the scabland sagebrush 

 {Artemisia rigida) often occurs in considerable areas. Other plants 

 usually found only in scablands are: 



Arabis eusickii. 

 Eriogonum thijnioides. 

 Lomatiiim canhiji. 

 Lomatintii farinos:tim. 



Lomatinm groifi. 

 Lomatium inacroearpmn. 

 Talinum spincscens. 

 Viola trinervata. 



The conspicuous basaltic outcroppings along canyons and coulees 

 are locally known as " rimrock." The rimrock flora is in general the 

 same as that of scablands of similar elevation. (PI. XIII.) 



29418—06 M 4 



