420 CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) 



Order 128. CUPUI^IFER^. (Oak Family.) 



Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed straight-veined stipulate 

 leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous 

 slender or capitate aments. Calyx scale-like, or regular and 4 - G-lobed. 

 Stamens few. Fertile flowers single or clustered, furni.shed Avith an invo- 

 lucre which encloses the fruit, or forms a cup at its base. Ovar}- 2-7- 

 celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as 

 many as the cells. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen none. Cotyle- 

 dons thick and fleshy. Radicle superior. 



Synopsis. 



* Fertile flowers single, or few in a cluster. 



1. QUERCUS. Nut solitar}-, with the base enclosed in a scaly involucre. 



2. ASTANEA. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in a 4-valved spiny involucre ; sterile aments elongated, 



erect. • 



3. FAGUS. Nuts 2, 3-angled, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valved involucre : sterile 



aments capitate, pendulous. 



4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre. 



* « Fertile flowers spiked. 



5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1 -2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre. 



6. OSTRYA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre. 



1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. 



Sterile ament slender, bractless, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6 - 8-parted. 

 Stamens 6- 12, slender: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, or 

 few in a cluster. Calyx 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled ovary. 

 Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (.4fO)7i) oblong or hemispherical, 

 partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly involucre. Cotyledons 

 very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple entire or lobed leaves. 

 Stipules caducous. 



§ 1. Fruit biennial. 

 * Leaves entire, short-petloled ; those on vigorous shoots often lobed or toothed. 



1. Q. Phellos, L. (Willow-Oak.) Leaves (2'- 3' long) lanceolate or 

 linear-lanceolate, bristle-awned, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young, becom- 

 ing smooth on both sides ; fruit small, sessile; cup flattish, enclosing the base of 

 the hemispherical nut. — Margins of swamps and streams, Florida to Missis- 

 sippi, and northward. — A slender tree, 40° -50° high. 



Var. lavirifolia. (Q. laurifolia, Michx.) Leaves larger (3' -4' long), 

 oblong-lanceolate; cup deeper and more pointed at the base. — Light uplands, 

 Florida to North Carolina. — A tree commonly larger than the preceding. 



Var. arenaria. (Q myrtifolia, Willd ?) Shrubby (4° - 8° high) ; leaves 

 small (^'- 1^' long), rigid, oblong or obovate, obtuse or barely pointed, with the 

 margins rcvolute. — Dry sand ridges, along the coast of Florida and Georgia. 



2. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Shingle-Oak ) Leaves lanceolate-oblong, 

 acute or obtuse at each end, mucronate, pale and downy beneath, deciduoas; 



