436 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 



roundish in outline, notched at apex, Vi to Mi line \onfi:, tlie approximate carpels 

 ■vvinued, closely appressed, the grroove narrow, inconspicuous. 



Cold fresh' often running: water, 100 to 5000 feet: Santa Clara Co. North to 

 Canada, east to Colorado and New York. Europe, Asia. June. 



Locs.— (iilroy, Santa Clara Co., Jei)son 13,818; Sierra Co. (Bot. Cal. 2:77). 



Var. bicarpellaris Fcnley var. n. Leaves sometimes 3-cleft; 2 carpels rudimentary, forming 

 a sheath at apex of carpophore; peduncles 14 to 1/2 line long; bracts conspicuous, obovate, orbicu- 

 lar or subquadrate, i/4 to % line long; nutlets reniform, broadly winged, % to 1 line long. — 

 (Carpella 2, abortiva, ad apicem carpophori vaginam constituentia.)^ — Low valleys, 100 feet: San 

 Joaquin Co. (Clements, Masoii 4445, type) ; Sonoma Co. (Santa Rosa, av. of, Fenley 561, 562). 



Eefs. — C.\LLITR1CHE AUTUMNALis' L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 4 (1755), type European; Jepson, Man. 

 603 (1925). C. angustifoUa Hoppe, Bot. Taschenb. 155 (1792). C. virens Gold. Act. Mosq. 5 :119 

 (1817). Var. bicarpellaris Fenley. 



ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Caltrops Family 



Herbs or shrubs. Leaves (in ours) opposite, pinnate (sometimes reduced to 

 2 leaflets) or palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets entire; stipules interposed. Flowers 

 perfect, regular, symmetrical or nearly so. Sepals 5, distinct or nearly so. Petals 

 in ours 5. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals on the receptacle. Ovary usually 

 of as many carpels as petals (rarely twice as many or fewer), its cells as many as 

 the carpels or twice as many; style one; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit (in ours) a schizo- 

 carp, splitting into 5 to 12 carpels, the carpels indehiscent (forming nutlets) or 

 sometimes dehiscent. — Genera 19, species about 120, warm regions in all continents. 



Bibliog. — Stillman, J. M., Gum lac from Arizona (Am. Chem. Journ. 2:34-38, — 1880). 

 Redding, B. B., Shel-lac and lac-dye [of Larrea mexicana] (Pac. Rur. Press 19:179, 273, — 1880). 

 Vail, A. M., Preliminary list of N. Am. * * * Zygopliyllaceae (Bull. Torr. Club 22:229-231,— 

 1895) ; Notes on Covillea and Fagonia (I.e. 26:301-302,-1899). Brandegee, T., Fagonia cali- 

 fornica Benth. (Zoe 5:227,-1906). Parish, S. B., Tribulus terrestris (Muhl. 5:127,-1909). 

 Vail, A. M., & Rydberg, P. A., Zygophyllaceae (N. Am. Fl. 25:103-116,-1910). Standley, P. C, 

 The Am. species of Fagonia (Proc. Biol. Soc. "Wash. 24:243-250,-1911). Johnson, E., Spread 

 of the Puncture Vine in California (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 9:330-332, 2 figs.,— 1920) ; Punc- 

 ture Vine control (I.e. 14:191,-1925; 16:354,-1927). Neville, L. S., Puncture Vine stock- 

 feeding experiments (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 17:458-461, — 1928). Olsen, C, Puncture Vine 

 (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 17:691, — 1928). Morrison, A. E., Puncture Vine [in Sacramento 

 Co.] (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 18:425,-1929). Ball, W. S., and Robbins, W. W., Puncture 

 Vine (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 21:211-213, — 1932) ; Puncture Vine in California (Univ. Cal. 

 Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 528:1^2, figs. 1-11,-1932). 



Herbs ; leaflets 4 or more pairs ; fruits spiny or tuberculate ; seeds without endosperm. 



Stamens opposite the petals free from them; nutlets as many as the carpels 1. Tribulus. 



Stamens opposite the petals adnate to their base ; nutlets twice as many as the carpels 



2. Kallstroemia. 

 Woody plants ; leaflets few ; fruits smooth ; seeds with endosperm. 



Leaflets 3 ; flowers rose-purple ; fruits glabrous 3. Fagonia. 



Leaflets 2; flowers yellow; fruits densely hairy 4. Larrea. 



1. TRIBULUS Tourn. Caltrops 



Herbs, ours annuals, with even-pinnate leaves and several pairs of leaflets. 

 Flowers yellow, solitary on the peduncles. Stamens opposite the sepals with a 

 gland behind the filament at very base. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Ovary 5-celled; 

 cells 3 to 5-ovuled. Stigmas 5, more or less connate. Fruit lobed, splitting into 5 

 nutlets; nutlets hard, indehiscent, usually muricate or spinescent on back. — Species 

 12, all continents but mainly tropical. (Greek tribulos, ancient name of Trapa.) 



1. T. terrestris L. Puncture Vine. Stems branching from the base, decum- 

 bent, 1/2 to 3 feet long; herbage whitish-pubescent; leaflets 4 to 7 pairs, oblong, 3 

 to 4 lines long; flowers on short axillary peduncles; petals 1 to 2 lines long; ovary 

 5 (or 3 or 4) -celled, in fruit splitting into as many 1 to 3-seeded nutlets and having 

 no central axis; nutlets warty on back and with 2 stout spreading spines 2 to 3 

 lines long; seeds superposed, separated by transverse partitions. 



