BUCKTHORN FAMILY 471 



Ceanothus palmeri in Eldorado County occupies a zonal position (Upper Sonoran) below that of 

 Ceanothus integerrimus (Lower Transition). Southern California localities are here cited as 

 follows: Palomar Mt., Jepson 1502; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Ferguson 66; Logan 

 Creek, Cuyamaca Mts., C. V. Meyer 178; Laguna Lakes, Laguna Mts., Peirson 5931; Descanso, 

 T. Brandegee. 



Eefs. — Ceanothus palmeri Trel. Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 1:109 (1888), type loc. "mountains 

 of Southern California" (more specifically San Diego Co.), Palmer 42. C. spinosus var. palmeri 

 Jepson, Man. 620 (1925) ; not C. spinosus var. palmeri K. Bdg. Proc. Cal. Acad, ser, 2, 4:185 

 (1894). 



15. C. spinosus Nutt. Red-heart. Straggling shrub 5 to 10 feet high, or 

 forming a small tree up to 24 feet; branchlets flexible, often ridged, glabrous or 

 nearly; bark of the branchlets greenish-yellow, spines (not always present) slen- 

 der, rigid, leafy below the middle; leaf -blades oblong to elliptic, obtuse or emargi- 

 nate, entire or serrulate, nearly or quite glabrous, % to 1 or II/2 inches long, drying 

 reddish-brown above, greenish below, obscurely pinnate-veined; panicles simple 

 or compound, long and narrow, sometimes pyramidal or loose, usually interrupted 

 and leafy below, 1^/4 to 4^/2 inches long ; flowers pale blue or white ; capsules scarcely 

 lobed, resinous, not crested, 2 to 2V2 lines broad. 



Hill slopes and canons, 500 to 3000 feet : near the coast from San Luis Obispo 

 Co. to the Santa Ana Mts. Feb.-Apr. 



Field note. — The spines are mostly on older wood, and not on wood of the season. They 

 result, doubtless, from the hardening and defoliation of short leafy branchlets of the season. The 

 wood of the root-crown dyes a deep red under mutUation by the axe, whence the folk name, Eed- 

 heart. 



Locs. — San Luis Obispo, J. E. Boadhouse ; Mission Canon, Santa Barbara, J. E. Hall; Syca- 

 more Canon, Santa Inez Mts., Jepson 9154; Ojai Valley, F. TV. Hubby 29; Topango Canon, Peir- 

 son 733 ; Santa Monica, Barber; Trabuco Canon, Orange Co. (Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 6:410). 



Eefs.— Ceanothus spinosus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:267 (1838), tj-pe loc. mts. near Santa 

 Barbara, Nuttall; Jepson, Man. 620 (1925). 



16. C. leucodermis Greene. Jack-brush. Shrub 5 to 16 feet high, with white 

 bark; branchlets rigid, divaricate, subspinose or spinose, whitish or glaucous; 

 leaf -blades thickish, ovate, rounded at base, subacute at apex, entire or glandular- 

 serrulate, 1/4 to 11/4 inches long, short-petioled, glabrous or almost so above and 

 commonly drying brownish, paler beneath and puberulent, especially along the 

 veins, and often drying dull reddish ; panicles simple, often long and narrow, often 

 interrupted below, 1 to 2 inches long, on much shorter naked or scarcely leafy 

 peduncles, or at times almost sessile; flowers white or blue; capsules little lobed, 

 not crested or scarcely, but very glandular, 2 to 2i/^ lines broad. 



Dry slopes and ridges, 900 to 6000 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills, rare from 

 Shasta Co. to Tuolumne Co., common from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co.; inner Coast 

 Kanges from the Mt. Hamilton Range to San Luis Obispo Co. ; coastal mountains 

 of Southern California. South to Lower California. Apr.-May. 



Geog. note. — The shrub Ceanothus leucodermis has hitherto been described in nearly all 

 tests under the name C. divaricatus Nutt. It is a misapplication of the name. Ceanothus divari- 

 catus was originally collected at Santa Barbara by Nuttall and is a form of C. oliganthus as has 

 in effect been indicated by K. Brandegee (Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 4:197). That Ceanothus 

 divaricatus Nutt. is not the C. divaricatus of the Botany of California and other works has been 

 shown by Greene (Kew Bull. 1895:15). The Nuttall specimen in the Gray Herbarium may be 

 regarded as the type or its full equivalent, since the label is in the hand of Nuttall. It is brown- 

 barked, not white-barked as in C. leucodermis ; its panicle, loose and broad, is long-peduncled, not 

 short-peduncled as usually in C. leucodermis. The type locality, Santa Barbara, is the classical 

 locality for C. oliganthus, whereas C. leucodermis is a shrub of the inner ranges and has never, 

 to our knowledge, been found on the coast line. It is, indeed, a well developed member of the 

 hard chaparral of the inner ranges and is adapted not merely to xerophytie but to long-continued 

 fire conditions. Its seed with a characteristically protected coat (see fig. 233) lies in the loose 

 gravelly soil for years until an intensive change in conditions brought about by fire breaks the 

 hibernation period. 



Locs.— Sierra Nevada: Anderson, Shasta Co., Alice King; Bakers Ford, Middle Fork 

 Cosumnes Eiver, Wieslander; Yosemite Valley, Jepson 13,997; Mariposa, Congdon; Usona, Mari- 



