CHAP. III.] DRYADE^. 57 



full of juice, and having the stone or seed in 

 the centre. While this change is taking place, 

 the stamens gradually wither and fall off, and 

 the stigmas disappear, the style shrivelling up 

 to the appearance of a hair ; the pulpy carpels 

 have also become so pressed against each other, 

 as to adhere together, and the whole, with the 

 persistent calyx, now assumes the appearance 

 shown at f. As soon as the carpels become 

 ripe they cease to adhere to the torus, and 

 they may be pulled off and eaten (the torus, or 

 core as it is called, being thrown away) : each 

 carpel will be found to inclose a very hard seed or 

 stone, as shown at^. If the Raspberry, instead of 

 being gathered, be suffered to remain on the stalk, 

 the juicy carpels dry up, and fall with the seed 

 inclosed. The stems of the Raspberry are bien- 

 nial, that is, they do not bear till they are two 

 years old, after which they die ; but the roots 

 are perennial, and they are always sending up 

 fresh suckers, so that the same plants will bear 

 for many years in succession, though not on the 

 same stems. The stems are generally erect, and 

 prickly like the rose ; and the leaves on the bear- 

 ing stems have three leaflets, while those on the 

 barren stems have five ; and in both cases the 

 leaflets are covered with white down on the 

 under side. All the different kinds of Bramble, 

 such as the Dewberry, Blackberry, &c., agree 



