ECOLOGICAL GROUPING OF PLANTS. 35 



the Leitneria (Z. fioridana) in the latter locality and the .swanip.s of 

 the estuary of the Apalachicola River present similar striking instances 

 of a strange localization, in some cases within an extremely limited 

 range. The relation of these woody plants to the flora of a preceding 

 geological period, of which the present is the progeny, is clearly 

 proved b}" the remains of almost identical types found buried in the 

 strata of the Middle Tertiary formation of southern Europe and the 

 Rocky Mountains. If we regard these plants as the slightly modified 

 descendants of types belonging to an ancient flora, which have sur- 

 vived the changes our globe has undergone and have foimd a refuge 

 in their present localities, the mystery of their strange isolation finds 

 a satisfactory^ solution. The confinement to a single spot on the 

 Warrior of Neviusia alabam&iisis^ with its nearest relation in Japan, 

 and of Crotori alahcnnensis to a secluded valley of Little Cahaba River, 

 can be accounted for on the same ground. 



PLANT FORMATIONS AND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS. 



The same causes to which the restriction of a plant within a floral 

 region is due, give rise to the grouping of species widely differing in 

 their natural affinities but equally adapted to accommodate themselves to 

 the same conditions. Such asseml)lages, forming groups of a definite 

 character, are by the later writers on plant geography recognized as 

 plant formations (Grisebach, Drude); or, with respect to their condi- 

 tions of life, theii' ecological relations as plant associations l)y Warm- 

 ing.* The former authors define a plant formation as a group of plants 

 of a definite physiognomic character, such as a forest, a grassy swamp, 

 the vegetation of a dune of the seashore. The group may be composed 

 either of only one species, as the forests of long-leaf pine or the South- 

 ern canebrakes, or characterized by the predominance of species of 

 the same family or allied families, as most coniferous forests and our 

 forests of oaks and hickories, or composed of an aggregate of species of 

 various affinities with some of their features in common, as is the case 

 with most forests and prairies. These plant formations impress upon 

 a flora its physiognomy, as was long ago noticed by Humboldt. The 

 following plant formations, recognized b}" Engler and Di'ude,^ will be 

 referred to in considering the distribution of plant life in Alabama: 



1. Open plant formations, more or less interrupted, inhabiting — 

 a. The strand or beach. 

 h. The sands of seashore, hill, and plain. 

 e. Rocks and pebbles. 



' Warming, Oekologische Pflanzengeographie, 1896. 



^Engler und Drude, Die Vegetation der Erde: I, Pflanzenver))reitung aiil' dci' Iher- 

 ischen Haibinsel, M. Willkonmi, p. VII. 1896. 



