COXIFER^. (PIXE FAMILY.) 455 



Subclass 11. GYMNOSPERM^. 



Ovules naked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup- 

 ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized by the direct 

 application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. 



Oeder 131. CONIFER.^. (Pixe Family.) 



Trees or shrubs, with branching steins, composed of glandular or 

 disk-bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or 

 needle-shaped mostly persistent leaves, and monoecious or dioecious 

 amentaceous flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. 

 Fruit a cone or drupe. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyle- 

 dons 2 or more. 



Synopsis. 



Suborder I. ABIETINEJ5. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous 

 bracted imbricated carpellaiy scales, bearing two collateral inverted ovules 

 at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly. 



1. PINUS. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base. 



2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath. Cones erect, the scales deciduou?. 



3. TSUGA. Leaves single, flat. Cones declined, the scales persistent. 



4. PICEA. Leaves single, 4-angled. Cones drooping. Anthers opening lengthwise. 



SiBORiJER II. CUPRESSIXEJE. Fertile flowers consisting of few bract- 

 less mostly peltate carpellarv scales, bearing one or several erect ovules at 

 their ba.se, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fruit a drupe or 

 cone. Buds naked. 



5. JUNIPERUS. Fruit a drupe. Leaves minute, imbricated. 



6. CHAM^CTPARIS. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, 



persistent. 



7. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender 



deciduous branchlets. 



8. THUYA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri- 



cated on tlie flattened branches, persistent. 



SmoRDER III. TAXINE^. Fertile flower solitary, witiiout a carpeilary 

 scale. Fruit a drupe. Buds scaly. 



9. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous. 

 10. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated. 



1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine. 



Flowers monoecious. Sterile ameuts spiked or clustered. Stamens numer- 

 ous on the axis, with very short filaments : anthers with a scale-like connective, 

 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single or clustered. Carpeilary 

 scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each l)earing two collateral inverted 

 ovules at the base, indurated in fruit, and formine; a cone ; the apex commonly 

 thickened, an<Tnlar and sjjiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excavation at the 

 base of the scale, and furnislied with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo iu the 



