CONCnULOGT. 171 



Limpets .sometimes excavate (on calcareous rocks) shallow roostinp; places for 

 themselves, but can crawl about over the rocks for short distances. Thoy are largely 

 used for bait, and arc wholesome food for man. 



*Patella testcdinaria, L. 



* ,, SACCHARrXA, L. 



* ,, KADIATA. I5orU. 



* ,, ASTER, lleeve. 



Familij Chitonidae. 

 Shell foi-med of eight transverse imbricated plates immersed in the coriaceous 

 mantle which forms an expanded margin beyond them. Sexes united. 

 CniTON NicoiiAKicns, Cliem. 

 Abounds on surf-beaten rocks in company with limpets, and is gathered for food. 



Order PULMONATA. 



Terrestrial, marsh or fluviatilo, iuoperculato moUusks, which breathe air directly 

 by means of a vascular lung chamber. 



Sexes united (Ilermaphroilite). With a few exceptions the members of this 

 order are herbivorous, a few shell-less forms feed on worms and other moUusks. Tlie 

 tentacles are retractile by inversion, as may be noticed in the commoa garden snail 

 Ilelix aspersa. 



Thecarliest contribution to our exact knowledge of the land shells of Burma was 

 made by Dr. ifason forwarding to Dr. Gould a collection of thirty-five species, made 

 in Tenasserim, and, about the same time, ilrs. Vinton also forwarded to the same 

 gentleman shells ft-om both the Thoungyeen and Tenasserim Kivcrs. The largest land 

 shell sent was Cijclophorun pernobtlis, Gould, a richly coloured species, which tlio 

 Xarens (acconling to Dr. Jlason) call the 'primary shell,' i.e. the one from which the 

 others are deiived. The Burmans call it the 'quel' shell, as they say it calls out 

 'quel, quet.' With reference to sounds produced by snails, it may be remarked that 

 the noise made by tho common English snail, crawling on the outside of a window 

 pane, during the still hours of night, and scraping over tho glass with its shell, is 

 alarming to the timid and has served for the foundation of many a ghost story, or of 

 stories of mysterious sounds and occurrences which belong to that order of nan-atives. 

 Another handsome shell, then first sent, was Bulimus alricallosus, Gould, which the 

 Karen maidens wear as an ornament to their buxom persons and name the ' heron's 

 dung' shell. The next considerable collection of land shells was made by myself, 

 and most of the new .shells were described by Mr. Benson in the Annals and Magazine 

 of Xatural History. Still later additions to our knowledge of the suliject were made 

 by Messrs. W. T. Blanford, Fcdden, Stoliczka and myself, and in Upper Burma by 

 Dr. Anderson when on the Yunan expedition. 



Sub-order GJEOPEILA. 



Family Oleacinidae. 

 Opeas gracilis, Hutton. Throughout India and Burma. 



Achat ina octona, Gould. 

 Abounds everywhere, and is often associated with Fnnea hicolur. Animal yellow. 



,, WAi.KRRr, B. Andaraans. Salween Valley. 



,, lEREBRAi.rs, Theobald. TT]iper Salween Valley. 



,, NiconARic.\, Miirch. Nicobars. 



PROsorEAS Hauohtoni, B. Andaraans. 



Opeas Pealei, Tryon. 

 This heavy shell, with a thick epidermis, is sufficiently distinct from its allies 

 to be generically separated. It seems confined to the Audamans. 



