GYMNOSPERMS 



Resinous trees or shrubs, ours evergreen with linear, awl-like or scale-like 

 leaves. Trunk usually persisting through the erown as a single axis, increasing 

 in diameter by an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Sexual reproductive 

 organs consisting of stamens and ovules. Stamens generally spirally arranged 

 in a catkin-like cluster which falls after maturity. Ovules commonly borne 

 naked on the surface of a scale with the scales arranged spirally in a short 

 catkin which commonly matures into a woody cone. Cotyledons several to 

 many, sometimes only 2. 



Bibliog. — Endlieher. Stephano, Synopsis Cunifevariim (1847). Carriere, E. A., Traite Con- 

 iferes (1855). Engelmann, Geo., Papers on Conifera; (Collected Works, p. 326, — 1887); 

 Masters, M. T., The genera of Taxacea> and CohiferEe (Jour. Linn. Soe. vol. 30, p. 1, — 1893). 

 Wordsell, W. C, Structure of tlie Female Flower in Couiferse (Ann. Bot. vol. 14, p. 39, — 1900). 

 Veitcli, James, et al.. Manual of the Conifera; (1900). Coulter & Chamberlain, Morphology 

 of Gyuinosperms (1901). 



PINACEAE. PiXE F.vMiLY. 



Trees or shrubs, typically with one main mast-like axis which bears laterally 

 successive whorls of much-branched limbs. Leaves narrowly linear and alter- 

 nate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) 

 leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins on same tree. Staminate cat- 

 kins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing 2 polleu-saes and 

 ending in a roundish crest or mere knob ; pollen-grains usually with 2 bladder- 

 like appendages to assist distribution by the wind. Ovulate catkins with 

 spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 

 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which com- 

 monly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody 

 cone, the scales much enlarged, the bracts remaining small or sometimes 

 elongated and surpassing the scale. — Northern hemisphere, eight genera. Cali- 

 fornia has endemic representatives of all the genera except Cedrus (Lebanon 

 Cedar and varieties). Larix (Larch) and Pseudolarix (of China). 



Bililiog. — Don, David, Five New Species of the Genus Pinus discovered by Dr. Coulter 

 in California (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 17, p. 439, — 1837). Lemmon, J. G., Pines of the 

 Pacific Slope (2d Rep. Cal. Board For. p. 67, — 1888) ; Cone-bearers of California (3rd Rep. 

 1. c. p. 79,-1890). Sargent, C. S., Silva N. Am. vol. 11 (1897), vol. 12 (1898). Masters, 

 M. T., A General View of the Genus Pinus (Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 35, p. 560, — 1904). 



Cones pendent or spreading, falling from the tree whole, the scales persistent. 



Leaves of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing 



the second year, their bracts minute 1. Pixus. 



Leaves of 1 kind, linear; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. 



Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases. 

 Leaves petiole<l, jointed on the woody base which is somewhat decurrent on 



the branchlet; trunk bark fissured or smoothish, not scaly 2. Tsuc;.\. 



Leaves sessile, jointed on the woody peg-like base which sjjreads at right angles 



to the branchlet; trunk bark marked by scars of deciduous scales. .3. PiCE.v. 



Bracts longer than the scales, notched at apex with a spear-like point in the notch; 



leaf -scars snu>oth ; old bark very rough 4. PsEUDOTSU(;.\. 



Cones erect on branch, maturing the first year, their scales falling separately; leaf-scars smooth. 

 5. Abiks. 



1. PINUS L. Pine. 

 Trees with two sorts of leaves, the primary leaves thin and scaly or chaff-like, 

 bearing in their axils needle-shaped leaves in fascicles of 1 to o. which emerge 



