34 . PINACEAE 



from slender buds whose scarious scales sheatlie the base of the cluster. Stami- 

 nate catkins spreading, crowded in a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same 

 spring. Ovulate catkins erect, lateral or sub-terminal, 1 to 8 in a whorl. Cones 

 maturing in the second jear, reflexed or pendulous, their scales woody, im- 

 bricated, the exposed portion (apophysis) often much thickened and bearing 

 centrally an elevated scar or pricklj' boss (umbo). Cotyledons -4 to 17. — The 

 genus Pi Qus, consisting of about seventy-five species distributed over the northern 

 hemisphere and replaced in the southern hemisphere by the Araucarias and Po- 

 docarpums, is strongly represented in California, no other region relatively to 

 area being so rich in species. (Pinus, the ancient Latin name.) 



White Fixes. — Cones subterminal, the apophysis of the cone-scale usually thin and unarmed; 

 needles in 5s; wood light-colored, soft; chiefly high montane. 

 Cones long-stalked, very long and slender when closed. 



Needles 1 to 3% inches long; cones 6 to 8 inches long; high ranges. .1. P. moiiticola. 

 Needles 2 to Sli inches long; cones 13 to IS inches long; high ranges. 2. P. lambertiana. 

 Cones with short stalks or almost none; needles 1 to 214 inches long. 



Scales very thick at tip, not closely overlapping; cones subglobose, 1 to 3 inches long; 



high montane 3. P. albicaulis. 



Scale-tips slightly thickened, rather eloseh' overlapping; cones commonly long-ovate, 



2 to 5 inches long; desert mountains chiefly 4. P. flexilis. 



Yellow Pixe.s. — Cones subterminal, sessile or nearly so, the scales with a thick apoph_vsis 

 which is umbonate and armed with a prickle ; needles in 3s, 3s, or 2s ; wood very pitchy. 

 Needles in 5s. 



Cones oblong-ovate, 2^4 to 5 inches long; scales with minute prickles; needles % to 



1 inch long; Mt. Whitney region and high North Coast Ranges. .5. P. balfouriana. 



Cones slender ovate, 3 to 3^4 inches long; scales with long slender prickles; needles 



1 to 1% inches long; desert ranges 6. P. aristata. 



Needles in 3s, 5 to 10 inches long; cones breaking through near base when falling, some 

 scales remaining on branch. 



Cones ovate, 3 to 5 inches long; common at middle altitudes 7. P. poiiclero.ia. 



Cones round-oval, 5 to 10 inches long; at higher altitudes Var. jeffreyi. 



Needles in 2s, 1% to 2% inches long. 



Bark thin, smooth; high montane 8. P. murrayana. 



Bark thick, rough; seashore 9. P. contorta. 



Ndt Pines. — Cones lateral or subterminal, the scales strongly thickened at tip or prolonged 



into conspicuous spurs or hooks; seeds large, thick shelled, the wing short or none; 



needles 1 to 5 in a cluster; arid areas and chiefly low altitudes. 



Cones very large, with highly developed spurs, breaking through near base when falling, 



a few lower scales persisting on the branch; needles in 3s. 



Cones ovate, 10 to 13 inches long; needles erect, 5 to 14 inches long; trunk persisting 



through crown as one main axis; foliage yellowish; South Coast Banges and 



Southern California 10. P. coulteri. 



Cones round-oval, 6 to 10 inches long; needles drooping, 7 to 13% inches long; trunk 

 branching into several secondary axes ; foliage gray ; dry interior foothills. 



11. P. sabiniana. 



Cones with pyramidal apophyses. 



Needles in 5s, 8 to 12 inches long; cones triangular-oval, 4 to 5% inches long; scales 



with pyramidal apophyses; local on south coast 12. P. torreyana. 



Needles commonly in 4s, 1 to 1% inches long; cones subglobose, % to 1% inches long; 



Southern and Lower California 13. P. parryana. 



Needles 1 in a place, lYi to 2 inches long; cones subglobose, 2% to 3% inches long; 



desert region 14. P. monophylla. 



Closed-cone Pines. — Cones lateral, sessile, one-sided, opening tardily, often remaining closed 



for many years, their scales conspicuously swollen at tip; needles in 3s or 2s; lower 



altitudes, chiefly of coast. 



Needles in 2s, 4 to 6 inches long; cones ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, often developing stout 



spurs; seashore 15. P. murirata. 



