48 PINACEAE 



Ci'eek, and uorthward to the Siskiyous; associated witli the Redwood in the 

 outer range and with Tan Oak, lladrofia. Black Oak and Yellow Pine in the 

 inner ranges. The characteristic "Bald Hills" of Mendocino and Humboldt 

 (inner ranges) with their "opens'" and mixed woods of Douglas Fir and the 

 species just mentioned are well shown in Fig. 8. Not in Vaca Mts.. Mt. 

 Diablo and Mt. Hamilton ranges nor Oakland Hills (Cf. Jepson. Fl. W. ;Mid. 

 Cal. 19, — 1901). Widely distributed beyond our borders, reaching British 

 Columbia (type loc. Nootka, Archibald Menzies), South Dakota, northern 

 Texas and Mexico. Largest tree of the Pacific Coast next to the Sequoias. 

 Variable in habit of branchlets and hue of foliage. Growth rapid and repro- 

 duction strong. Timber unequalled for its strength and lightness and the size 

 of the sticks; well-known in the lumber trade as "Oregon Pine.'" 



Refs. — PsEUDOTSUG.\ T.\xiFOLiA Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sei. vol. S, p. 74 (ISSO). Pimts 

 taxifolia Lambert, Pinus, vol. 1, p. 51, t. 33 (1S03). Abies douglasii Linilley, Penny Cyel. 

 vol. 1, p. 32 (1833); Newberry, Pac. E. Rep., vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 54, 90, pi. 8, fig. 20 (1857). 

 Pseudotsuga douglasii Carriere, Traite Cooif. ed. 2, p. 256 (1867) ; Engelmann in Bat. Cal. vol. 

 2, p. 120 (1880). 



2. P. macrocarpa ]Mayr. Big-cone Spruce. Tree 30 to 60 or occasionally 

 80 feet tall, with very long lower branches; bark, foliage, catkins, anci cones 

 very similar to those of the preceding; bark dark or black; leaves slightly 

 curved; cones 4 to Tiy-o inches long, 2 to 3 inches in diameter when open ; bracts 

 protruding little or not at all beyond the scales, except the lowest, the tails of 

 which are often as much as % inch long; cotyledons 6 or 7. 



Canons and north slopes: Te.ion Canon and San Emigdio Mts. westward to 

 the San Rafael and Santa Inez ranges, southward to the Sierra iladre, San 

 Bernardino ^Its. (where it reaches its greatest development), Palomar, and 

 Cuyamaca Mts. Recurs on San Pedro Martir in Lower California. Altitu- 

 dinally it may l)e considered as a transition species from the upper part of the 

 chaparral to the lower part of the Yellow Pine belt. Adapted to drier con- 

 ditions than its congener, the Douglas Fir. 



Refs. — PsEUDOTSUG.i MACROC-'VKPA Mayr, WaW. Nord.-im, p. 278 (1890). Ahirs douglasii 

 var. macrncarpa Torrey in Ives, Rep. Colo. River, pt. 4, p. 28 (1860). Pseudotsuga douglasii 

 var. macrocarpa Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 120 (1880). 



5. ABIES Link. Fir. 

 Highly symmetrical trees of lofty stature, the branches in regular whorls 

 and ramifying laterally, forming flat spraj's. Leaves linear, about a line 

 wide, flat or 4-angled, whitened beneath, spreading in two opposite directions 

 or even 2-ranked. or more often curving upwards, leaving a smooth circular 

 sear when they fall: resin canals in ours 2. Catkins from axillary winter buds. 

 Staminate catkins borne on the under side of the branches, mostly in the 

 upper half of the tree; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells opening trans- 

 versely. Ovulate catkins erect, on the upper side of the topmost spreading 

 branches. Cones erect, maturing in the first autumn, falling to pieces on the 

 tree ; scales thin, incurved at the broadened apex ; bracts often exserted. Seeds 

 with resin vescicles; cotyledons 4 to 10. — Northern hemisphere, especially in 

 the high mountains or far north, some 23 species; 7 species on the Paeifir- Coast, 

 2 of them beyond our borders. (Abies, the ancient Latin name.) 



Leaves of lower and uppermost branches slightly different. 

 Cones 2 to 5% inches long; bracts not exserted. 



Leaves glaucous or dull green, flat or on cone-bearing branches keeled above, acute 

 or rarely notched at ape.x, spreading in two ranks or curving upwards, with a 



