66 TYPHACEAE 



erect branches, li/<> to 3 feet high: fruiting bracts reddish or brownish, sub- 

 membranous, in 4 or 5 whorls, reniform-orbicular, entire, with a short broad 

 claw; fruit ovate, included, 4-angled, 2i/2 to 3 lines long. 



Mohave and Colorado deserts, north to Cantua Creek (western Fresno Co.). 

 west to San Diego and south into Lower (California. 



Refs. — Ephedra calipornica Wats. Proo. Am. Acad. 14: 300 (1879), type loc. San Diego, 

 Dr. Palmer; Bot. C'al. 2: 109 (1880); Abrams, Bull. N. T. Hot. Card. 6: ,S3.S (1910). 



4. E. trifurca Torr. Erect light- or yellowish-green shrub li-. to 5 feet 

 high, with spiuosely tipped straight branches; scales conspicuously sheathing, 

 3 to 6 lines long ; staminate catkins on a very short peduncle ; ovulate catkins 

 nearly sessile, of 8 to 10 whorls of bracts; bracts large, very thin, scarious, 

 round-cordato, clawed, with reddisli centres : fruit solitary, slender, 4-sided, 

 6 lines long. 



Mohave River at Daggett ace. to Coville (Bot. Death Valley, 220) ; Yuma, 

 Arizona, Parish, in litt. ; east to Colorado and Texas, and south into Mexico. 



Eefs. — Ephedra trifurca Torr. in Emory, Mil. Eec. Ft. Leavenworth to San Diego, 153 

 (1848), type loc. between the Del Norte and Gila rivers. 



E. TOEREYANA Wats. Erect whitish or pale shrub 1 to 3 feet high, the 

 branches often somewhat flexuous ; scales short, 1 to 2 lines long ; catkins 

 nearly sessile ; ovulate catkins of 6 to 8 whorls of bracts ; bracts yellowish or 

 greenish, very thin, very broad, clawed; fruit solitary or in 3's, oblong- 

 lanceolate, scabrous. — Moapa, southern Nevada, Kennedy, and east to Colo- 

 rado. Credited to California by Nelson (Man. Rocky Mts. 31). 



ANGIOSPERMS 



Trees, shrubs or herl)s. Sexual reproductive organ called a flower, typically 

 consisting of a short axis bearing circles of calyx and corolla parts, stamens and 

 pistils. Calyx or corolla or both often absent, and stamens and i>istils often in 

 different flowers. Ovules always enclosed in a sac or ovary. 



MONOCOTYLEDONS 



Leaves parallel-veined. Stems with the vascular bundles scattered irregu- 

 larly through them, without central pith or concentric woody layers. Flowers 

 with the parts usually in 3's or 6's. never in 5's. Embryo with one cotyledon. 



TYPHACEAE, Cat-tail Family. 

 Marsh or aquatic perennial hei-bs, the solid cylindrie jointless stems from 

 creeping rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers monoe- 

 cious, crowded in dense cylindi'ieal spikes, without perianth. Ovary 1-celled, 

 1-ovuled, with a slender style and elongated lateral stigma, becoming in fruit 

 a seed-like nutlet. Embryo straight, embedded in copious endosperm. ^All 

 continents. 1 genus. 



Bibliog. — Graebner, P., Typhaeeae (Engler, Pflzr. teil 4, abt. 8,-1900). Morong, T., Typha 

 (Bull. Torr. Club^ vol. 1.5, pp. 1-8,-1888). 



1. TYPHA L. Cat-tah,. 

 Stems tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate portion below, 

 the staminate portion above. Stamens seated directly on the axis, intermixed 

 with long bristle-like hairs. Ovaries minute, pedicellate; pedicels bearing 

 elavate bristles whii'li envelope the very small nutlets in a copious down. — 

 Nine species. (Ancient Greek name of the Cat- tail.) 



Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes contiguous, rarely separated; pistillate flowers with- 

 out bractlets ; . . ' 1. T. latifolia. 



