SEDGE FAMILY 207 



10. CAREX L. Sedge. 

 By K. K. Mackenziei 



Gra.ss-like sedpres, perennial by rootstocks. Culms (stems) mostly triangular, 

 often strongly phyllopodie (leafy at base) or aphyllopodic (not leafy at base). 

 Leaves 3-raiiked, the upper (bracts) elongate or short, and subtending the spikes 

 of flowers or wanting. Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious. Spikes 1 

 to many, either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, androgynous or gj^naeean- 

 drous, sessile or peduncled, the base of the peduncle often with a perigyninm- 

 like or spathe-like organ (elado-prophyllum) surrounding it. Perianth none. 

 Stamens 3 (or rarely 2). Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex, com- 

 pletely enclosed by the sac-like perigynium. — Species more than 1000, all conti- 

 nents, but least developed in the tropics. (The Latin name.) 



Tax. note. — The style is either (1) jointed with the acliene and \ritliering and at length 

 deciduous, as in most sections, or (2) continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated and not 

 withering, as in Sects. 30, 33, 34, and sometimes in Sect. 31. The racheola is occasionally 

 developed. 



Bibliog.— Bailey, L. H., Untenable Names of Carices, in Bull. Torr. Club. 11:18-19,-1884; 

 Carex Catalogue 1-4, — 1884; Notes on Carex I, in Bot. Gaz. 9:117-122, — 1884; II, in Bot. Gaz. 

 9:137-141,-1884; III, in Bot. Gaz. 10:203-208,-1883; IV, in Bot. Gaz. 10:293-296,-1885; 

 V, in Bot. Gaz. 10:317-319,-1885; VI, in Bot. Gaz. 10:379-382,-1885; VII, (Preliminary 

 synopsis of N. Am. Carices) in Proc, Am. Acad. 22:59-157,-188(3; VIII, in Bot. Gaz. 11:328- 

 330,-1886; IX, Lu Bot. Gaz. 13:82-89,-1888; X, in Jour. Bot. 26:321-323,-1888; XI 

 (Studies of the types of various species of tlie genus Carex), in Mem. Torr. Club 1:1-85, — 1889; 

 XII, in Bull. Torr. Club 16:218-220,-1889; XIII, in Bull. Torr. Club 17:61-64,-1890; XIV, 

 (Carex rigida Gooden. and its varieties), in Jour. Bot. 28:171-173, — 1890; XV, in Proc. Cal. 

 Acad. ser. 2, 3:104-106,-1891; XVI, in Bot. Gaz. 17:148-153,-1892; XVII, in Bull. Torr. 

 Club 20:417-429,-1893; XVIII, in Bot. Gaz. 21:1-8,-1896; XIX, in Bot. Gaz. 25:270-272,— 

 1898. BooTT, Francis, On a species of Cajex allied to C. saxatilis L., in Tran.s. Linn. Soc. 

 19:215-220, — 1843; Description of six new N. Am. Carices, in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 

 5:112-116, — 1845; Carieis species novae vel minus cognitae, in Trans. Linn, Soc. 20:115-147,: — 

 1845-6; De Caricibus, in Hooker's Lend. Jour. Bot. 5:67-74,-1846; Table of distrib. of 

 Carex, in Richards. Arctic Exped. 2:344-353,-1851; [Carices in Bigelow coU.] Pac. R.R. Rep. 

 4:153-154,-1856; 111. of Genus Carex, 1:1-74, t. 1-200,-1858; 11:7.5-103, t. 203-310,— 

 1860; 111:104-126, t. 311-411,-1862; IV:127-233, t. 412-600,-1867. BooTT, William, 

 Carex, in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:224-253,-1880; Notes on Cyperaceae, in Bot. Gaz. 9:85-94,— 

 1884. Brown, Robert, Carex, in Supp. Appendix PaiTy's Voyage, — 1823; Carex in Bot. 

 Appendix Richardson's Jour., — 1823. Dewey, Chester, Caricographv, nos. 1-198, in Am. J. 

 Sci. ser. 1, vols. 7-49,-1824-1845; nos. 199-303, in ser. 2, vols. 2-42,-1846-1866; index, in 

 vol. 42:32.5-334,-1866. Holm, T., Studies in the Cyperaceae, I-XXVI, in Am. J. Sci. .ser. 4, 

 vols. 1-26,-1896-1908; Genus Carex in Nw. Am. in'Bot. Centralbl. Beihefte, 22=: 1-29,— 1909. 

 Fernald, M. L., Northeastern Carices of the Subsect. Vosieariae, in Rliod. 3:43-56, — 1901; 

 Northeastern Carices of the Sect. Hyparrhenae, in Proc. Am. Acad. 37:447-514, — 1902; various 

 notes on Carex, in Rhod. 2:170-171,-1900; 3:170-172,-1901; 4:218-230,-1902; 5:247-251,— 

 1903; 8:45-47, 73-77, 16.5-107, 181-184, 200-202,-1906; 9:159-160,-1907; 10:47-48,-1908; 

 12:13:5-136,-1910; 13:130. 243-248,-1911; 14:115-116,-1912 (with K. M. Wiegand); 

 15:92-93, 133-134, 186-187,-1913; 16:213-214,-1914; 17:158-159,-1915. Kukexthal, 

 Georg, Carex in Engler, Pflzr. 4=°:67-824, figs. 1-128, — 1909. Mackenzie, Kenneth K., Notes 

 on Carex I, in Bull. Torr. Club 33:439-443, — 1906; II, 34:151-155,-1907; II, 34:603- 

 607,-1907; IV, 35:261-270,-1908; V, 36:477-484,-1909; VI, 37:231-250,-1910; VII, 

 40:529-554,-1913; VIII, 42:40.5-422,-1915; IX, 42:60:!-621,— 1915; X, 43:423-434,-1916; 

 XI, 43:601-620,-1916; Mr. Heller's 1908 Carex coll., in Mulil. 5:53-58,-1909; Western allies 

 of Carex pennsylvanica, in Torreya 13:14-16,-1913; 14:12.5-127, 144^159, — 1914; Monog. 

 of Cal. species of Carex, in Erythea 8:7-05, figs. 1-51, — 1922. Olney, S. T., Carices Novae, 

 in Proc. Am. Acad. 7:393-390"— 1868; Carices coll. by E. Hall, in Proc. Am. Acad. 8:406- 

 407, — 1872. ScHKUiiR, C, Riedgrascr, — 1801 ; Nachtrag oder die zweite halfte der Riedgraser. — 

 1806. Schweinitz, L. D. von, Anah-tical table of N. Am. species of Carex, in Ann. Lye. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y. 1:62-71,-1824; Monog.' N. Am. species of Carex, I.e. 1:283-373,-1825 (edited by 

 Torrey). Torrey, J., Monog. N. Am. Cyperaceae, in Ann. L3'c. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 3:386-427, 

 443,-1836. 



1 The ranges for California and the indications of altitude have been in large part written 

 by W. L. Jepson on the basis of determinations by Mr. Mackenzie^ The references to the 

 literature under the species have also been somewhat modified to conform to the general usage 

 in tliis work. — W. L. J. 



