OAK FAMILY 363 



the teeth of the margin or the margin sometimes entire; catkins scattered 

 singly in the axils of the leafy shoot of the season, or congested on several 

 shoi't subterminal leafless shoots and thus making a dense cluster of 25 or 50; 

 catkins either wholly staminate or with a few pistillate flowers towards the 

 base, erect, very tomentose, 3 to 5 inches long; staminate flowers consisting 

 of about 10 stamens, 3 or -4 times as long as the woolly usually 5-lobed calyx ; 

 pistillate flower with an inferior ovary, 3 styles and a few rudimentary sta- 

 mens; acorns maturing at the end of the second season; eup shallow or almost 

 flat, % to IVs inches in diameter, covered with narrowly linear or subulate 

 spreading scales; nut oval, varying to subglobose or subcylindric, % to I14 

 inches long, the shell densely tomentose within, at first finely tomentose 

 without. 



Outer North Coast Range, sea-level to 5,000 feet, associated with the Red- 

 wood but attaining its best development on the eastern margin of the Redwood 

 Belt in Mendocino and Humboldt cos., ranging east to Cobb Mt. and the Napa 

 Range and south to llarin Co., Santa Cruz, Santa Lucia and Santa Inez mts., 

 as far south as the vicinity of Nordhoft". Lower Klamath River through Del 

 Norte and western Siskiyou into Oregon as far as the Umpqua River. Sierra 

 Nevada in scattered localities from Lassen Peak to Devil's Gulch, ]\Iariposa 

 Co. Highly valued for its bark which is used in large quantities by the Cali- 

 fornia tanneries. After the tree is stripped of bark, about 90.000 trunks 10 

 to 110 feet long and i/o to 4 feet in diameter are left to rot on the ground 

 annually. Commercial utilization of the wood is a problem needing immediate 

 solution. 



Forma lanceolata Jepson n. form. Leaves lanceolate, entire or with few 

 small teeth, 2I/2 to SYo inches long. — (Arbor alta, folia lanceolata Integra vel 

 dentibus parvibus, 1% ad 3^^ poll, longa).- — Central Mendocino, W.L.J. no. 

 2234 ; South Fork Smith River, no. 2887. 



Var. echinoides Sargent. Scrub Tan Oak. Low or spreading shrub 1 to 10 

 feet high ; leaves thick, entire, 1 to 2 inches long, % to % inch wide, the 

 nerves often inconspieuoiis ; acorns 1 to 4 in a place; cups very bur-like, the 

 subulate or filiform scales recurving ; nuts roundish, small, very shortly pointed. 

 — About Jit. Shasta, westward to the Klamath Range and through the Sis- 

 kiyous to southern Oregon ; abundant in the Shelley Creek region of Del 

 Norte Co. (W.L.J, no. 2910). 



Refs. — Pasania densiflora Oersted, Vidensk. jredd. For. K.iobenh. p. 83 (1866). Quercus 

 dcMiflura Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, p. 391 (1841); Hooker, Icon. t. 380 (1841); 

 Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 99 (1880) ; Jepson, Fl, W. Mid. Cal. p. 144 (1901). Var. • 

 ECHINOIDES Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 8, p. 183 (1895). Q. echinoides E. Br. Campst., Ann. 

 & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. 7, p. 251 (1871). 



3. CASTANOPSIS Spach. Chinquapin. 

 Trees or shrubs with evergreen leaves and branchlets lengthening by a ter- 

 minal bud. Catkins slender, erect. Staminate flowers in clusters of 3, diis- 

 posed oil elongated, sometimes branching catkins ; calyx 5 - or 6-parted ; sta- 

 mens 6 to 12 ; ovary rudiment present. Pistillate flowers 1 to 3 in an involucre, 

 the involucres on shorter catkins or sometimes scattered at the base of the 

 staminate catkins; calyx 6-cleft with abortive stamens on its lobes; ovary 

 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3. Fruit maturing in the second 

 season, the spiny involucre enclosing 1 to 3 nuts. Nuts ovoid or globose, more 

 or less angled, usually 1-seeded. — Two species on the Pacific Coast of North 



