NATURAL SYSTEMS. 



[Where references are given after the names of Orders, in this part of the present work, they refer to the 

 page where such Orders are to be found in the succeeding sheets]. 



1703. Ray, John. — (Methodus Plantarum emendata et aucta). 

 Here we have the germ of the present methods of natural arrangement. In fact the 

 first divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom, proposed by Ray, are identical with those of 

 Jussieu. Like him, he proceeded from the more imperfect to the most highly organised 

 forms ; the only difference being that he placed Dicotyledons before Monocotyledons. 

 The author's words are " Floriferas dividemus in dicotyledones, quarvun semina sata binis 

 foliis anomalis, seminalibus dictis, quse cotyledonum usum prsestant, e terra exeunt, vel 

 in binos saltem lobos dividuntur, quam\'is eos supra terram foliorum specie non efferant ; 

 et monocotyledones quae nee foHa seminalia bina efferunt nee lobos binos condunt. Haec 

 divisio ad arbores etiam extendi potest : siquidem palmse et congeneres hoc respectu 

 eodem modo a reliquis arboribus dififerunt quo monocotyledones a rehquis herbis." 



His plan was this : — 

 Plants are either 



Flowerless, or 

 Flowering ; and these are 



Dicotyledones, or 

 Monocotyledones. 



Among the genera of Ray, which were what we now call Natural Orders, were Fungi, 

 Mosses, Ferns, Composites, Cichoracese, Umbellifers, Papilionaceous plants. Conifers, 

 Labiates, &c., under other names, but with limits not very different from those now 

 assigned to them. 



1751. LiNN^us, Charles. — {Philosophia Botanica). 

 " Plantae omnes utrinque affinitatem monstrant, uti Territorium in mappa geographica." 

 The following is the Natm'al distribution first proposed by Linnaeus, under the name 

 of Fragments. Many of his groups were taken from his predecessors ; others were 

 contrived by himself. At a later period they underwent some alteration ; but the Ust 

 now given ^vill serve to show the learned author's plan. He never assigned any cha- 

 racters to these Fragments. 



Ptperitje. Arum, &c. Piper, Phytolacca. 

 Palm^. Corj^jha, &c., Cycas. 

 SciTAMiNA. Musa, Canna, Amomum, &c. 

 Orchide^. As now. 

 Ensat^. Iris, &c.,Xyri3, Eriocaulon, Aphyl- 



lanthes. 

 TRiFETALOiDEiE. Butomus, Alisma, Sagittaria. 



DENUDATiE. Crocus, &C. 



Spathace-B. Leucoium, Amarjilis, &c. 

 CoRONARi.E. Omithogalum, Scilla, &c. 

 LiLiACE^. Lilium, Tulipa, &c. 

 MuRicAT.E. Bromelia, &c. 

 C0ADUNAT.E. Anona, MagnoUa, &c., Thea. 



13. Calamarije. Scirpus, &c., Juncus ? 



14. Grami.va. As now. 



15. Conifers. Abies, Pinus, &c. 



16. A.MEXTACE.E. Pistacia, Alnus, Populus, Jug- 



lans, Quercus, &c. 



17. NucAMENTACE.E. Xauthium, Iva, &c. 



18. Aggregate, Statice, Protea, Hebenstreitia, 

 Brunia, Valeriana, Boerhaavia, Circ3ea?&c. 



DuMos-E. Viburnum, Rondeletia, Cassine, 

 Rhus, Ilex, Callicarpa, Lawsonia, &:c. 



SCABRID^E. FicUS, &C. 



C0MP0SIT.E. As now, nearly. 



19 



22. Umbellate. As now. 



23. MuLTisiLiQU^. Modern Crowfoots. 



24. BicoRNEs. Azalea, MjTsine, Memecylon, San- 



talum, &c. 



25. Sepiari^e. Jasminum, Ligustrum, Brunfelsia, 



«S£C. 



I. CuLMiNi^. Tilia, Bixa, Dillenia, Clusia, &c. 



27. Vaginales. Polygonum, Lauras, &c. 



28. CoRYDALEs. McUanthus, Epimedium,Fumaria, 



Monotropa ? &c. 



29. CoNTORTi. Rauwolfia, Vinca, Asclepias, &c. 



30. Rhceades. Papaver, Podophyllimi, &c. 



31. PuTAMiNEA. Capparis, &c. 



32. Campanacei. Convolvulus, Lobelia, Viola, 



&c. 



33. LURID.E. Solanum, &c., Celsia, Digitalis. 



34. Columxifer/e. Camellia, Gossypium, Ment- 



zelia, &c., but chiefly Mallowworts. 



35. Senticos^. Roseworts exclusively. 



36. CoMOs^. Spirtea, Filipendula, Anincus. 



37. Pomaces. Punica, Pyras, &c., Ribes. 



38. DrupacejE. As now. 



39. Arbustiva. Philadelphus, and Mj-rtleblooms. 



40. CALYCANTHEM.E. CEuothera, &c., Lythram, 



Glaux, Rhexia. 



41. Hesperideje. Citras, Styrax, Garcinia. 



42. Caryophvllei. Cloveworts, with Frankenia, 



and Scleranthus. 



43. AsPKRiFoLi^, The modern Borageworts. 



