JUSSIEI'.] 



NATURAL SYSTEMS. 



69. Guttiferoe, 400 



70. Aurantia, 457 



71. Melice, 463 



72. Vites, 439 



73. Gerania, 493 



74. Malvacfic-e, 368 



75. Magnoliae, 417 



76. Auor.ae, 420 



77. Menisperma, 307 



78. Berberides, 437 



79. Tiliacea;,371 



80. Cisti, 349 



81. Rutaccie, 469 



82. CaryophyUeae, 496 



Class XIV. 



83. Sempervivse, 344 

 '84. Saxifraga;, 567 



85. Cacti, 746 



S6. Portulace*, 50U 



87. P'icoidea;, 525 



88. Onagrae, 724 



89. MjTti, 734 



90. Melastomse, 731 



91. Salicaria;, 574 



92. Rosacea;, 563 



93. Leguminosa;, 544 



97. 



Terebintacea?, 465 

 Rbamni, 581 



Class XV. 



Euphorbiae, 274 

 Cucurbitaceaj,311 

 Urtica;, 258 

 Amentacea>, 248 

 Coniferaj, 226 



1810. Brown, Robert. — (Prodronius Flora Novcb ffoUandits, d:c.) 

 In this work the system of Jussieu is principally followed, but the Classes are omitted, 

 and the sequence of the Orders is changed. The author states that he regards most of 

 the Orders of Jussieu as being truly natural, but his classes, as the latter candidly 

 admits, often artificial, and apparently founded upon doubtful pruiciples. It was the 

 intention of Dr. Brown to publish a second volume of his work, and then to explain 

 his views upon this and other subjects ; but that intention has not yet been carried into 

 execution. It is here that we find the importance of the aestivation of the flower 

 pointed out, and applied to the characters of Natural Orders. Those characters have 

 been a model for succeeding writers. 



1813. De Candolle, A. P. — (Tkeorle Mimentaire de la Botanique, ou Exposition des 

 Principes de la Classification Naturelle et de VArt de decrire et d'etudier les Vegetaux). 

 In this work is to be found the explanation of the principles which gviided its clear- 

 minded author to the construction of a method of arrangement wliich has now almost 

 superseded all others, partly because of its easiness and simplicity, and most especially 

 because it is that which has been followed in the author's Prodromus, or celebrated 

 description of species. He himself explains the course he has taken, to the following 

 effect : — " I place Dicotyledons first, because they have the greatest niunbers of distinct 

 and separate organs. Then, as I find families where some of these organs become con- 

 solidated, and consequently seem to disappear, I refer them to a lower rank. This 

 principle gives me the following series : — 



1. Dicotyledons; 



2. ; 



polypetalous and hypogynous. 



and perigjTious. 



monopetalous and perigynous. 

 and hypogj-nous. 



5. ; apetalous, or with a single perianth. 



6. Monocotyledons; phcenogamous. 



7. ; cryptogamous. 



8. Acotyledons ; leafy and sexual. 



9, ; leafless and without any known sexes. 



I have adopted this series partly because I think it that which is least removed from a 

 natural sequence, and partly because it is convenient and easy for study. But let no 

 one imagine that I attach the least importance to it. The true science of general 

 Natural History consists in the study of the symmetry peculiar to each family, and of the 

 relation which these families bear to each other. All the rest is merely a scaffolding, 

 better or worse suited to accompUsh that end." — p. 2^Q, first edition. 



At this time De Candolle made no attempt to combine the Natural Orders in Alli- 

 ances ; but at a later period (1819), in a second edition of the Tlieorie, he proposed a 

 few such groups, under the name of Cohorts, as will be seen by the following list of his 

 Orders, taken from the edition of 1819. In that of 1844, pubhshed by liis son after his 

 death, these Cohorts are aU broken up, and considerable alterations are made in the 

 sequence of the Natural Orders. I, however, prefer publishing his plan of forming Alli- 

 ances, rather than his last list, even although that does give his latest views of afiinity. 



, Vascular or Cotyle- 

 DONous Plants ; that 

 is to say, furnished with 

 cellular tissue and ves- 

 sels, and whose embryo 

 is provided with one or 

 more cotyledons. 



. Exogens or Dicotyle- 

 dons ; that is to say, 

 where the vessels are 

 arranged in concentric 

 layers, of which the 

 youngest are the outer- 

 most, and where the 

 embrj'o has opposite or 

 verticillate cotyledons. 



A. Perianth double ; that 6. Berberidefe, 437 

 is, where the calyx and 7. Podophylleae, 430 

 corolla are distinct. 8. Nymph seacese, 409 



Thalamiflor^. 



Petals distinct, inserted 

 on the receptacle. 



Cohort I. Carpels nu- 

 merous, or stamens op- 

 posite the petals. 



1. Ranunculacese, 425 



2. Dilleniaceae, 423 



3. Magnoliaceae, 417 



4. Anonacese, 420 



5. Menispermese, 307 



Cohort II. Carpels soli- 

 tary or consolidated, 

 placentae parietal. 



9. Papa veracese, 430 



10. Fumariaceie , 435 



11. Cruciferae, 351 



12. Capparidese, 357 



13. Flacourtianeae, 327 



14. Passiflorese, 332 



15. Violaceae, 338 



16. Polygaleae, 375 



17. Resedaceae, 356 



18. Droseraceae, 433 



19. Frankeniaceae, 340 



20. Cistineae, 349 



Cohort III. Ovary soli- 

 tary, placenta central. 



21. Caryophyllefe, 496 



22. Lineae, 485 



23. Malvaceae, 368 



24. Chlenaceae, 486 



25. Byttneriaceae, 363 



26. Sterculiacete, 360 



27. Tiliaceae, 371 



28. Elseocarpeae, 371 



29. Sapindaceae, 382 



30. Hippocastanese, 382 



