xliv 



NATURAL SYSTEMS. 



[HORANINOW. 



1834. HoRANiNow, Paul. — {PrimcB UnecB Systematis Naturce, nexui naturali omnium 

 evolutionique progressivcB per nixm rea-scendentes superstructi.) 



Here the Vegetable Kingdom is divided into 4 Circles, viz. — 



Circle 1. Sporophorse (or Acotyledons). 



2. Pseudospermse (containing Gymnosperms and Rhizanths). 



3. Coccophorse (or Monocotj^ledons). 



4. Spermophorse (or Dicotyledons). 



Each of these is broken up into classes. Water-lilies, Sarraceniads, Peppers and 

 their allies, with Nepenthes, are placed in the thu'd circle ; while Cistusrapes and 

 Taccads stand in the fourth. The classes are in some instances extremely large, as, 

 for example, the Thalamopetalese, which contains 58 Orders, and are the equivalent of 

 the Thalamifloral section of De CandoUe. By this author, as by some of the Gennan 

 Naturalists, Fungals and Algals are expelled from the Vegetable Kingdom, and form a 

 part of a kingdom of Phytozoa ; for Mr. Horaninow divides the organic woi'ld into 

 Vegetables, Phytozoa, Animals, and Man. 



1835. Fries, Elias. — (Corpm Florarurti provincialium Suecice.) 

 In this work the author has given a general scheme of aiTangement according to his 

 own peculiar views, and has applied it to the Flora of Scania. He prefaces Ins plan 

 with an exposition of his ideas as to the manner of constructing a Natural System, and, 

 among other things, maintains that it is more hkely to be perfected by a small number 

 of good observations clearly expressed than by a multitude of them. He regards ger- 

 mination as the first in rank of all the phases of vegetable life, manner of growth second, 

 of flowering third, and of fruiting lowest of all, obser\Tng that the latter is the last stage 

 of metamorphosis, beyond which there is nothing but the seed, whose constitution has 

 nothing to do with that of the fruit. The seed is the beginnmg of germination. He 

 regards the fruit as of importance in distinguishing Orders, and employs three forms 

 of it, to which paramount importance is assignable. These are 1 , simple, with a central 

 placenta ; 2, apocarpous, with the carpels disjoined ; and 3, sjnicarpous, in which the 

 carpels are all consolidated. The first he divides into a, with one stigma, and &, vnth 

 two or more stigmas. The following is the general plan of his system, in which those 

 numbers and letters have the value just assigned to them. 



Class I. DICOTYLEDONS. 



f Perianth genuine, complete, with a thickened disk for the insertion of the petals and stamens. 

 Stamens inserted, 



a. eptgynous. 



I. Semijiiflor-*:. 



Synantherea3 



Dipsaceae 



Valerianese 



Rubiaceas 



Caprifoliaceae 



A. on the Corolla. I. Corolliflor^. 

 b. amphigynom. 



II. AXNULIFLORiS:. 



Campanulaceae 



Gesnerieae 



Polemoniaceae 



Boragineae 



Labiatas 



Hydroleaceae 



1. a. 



b. 

 2. 

 3. 



c. hypogynous. 



III. TUBIFLOR.S. 



Solanaceae 



Personatae 



Gentianeas 



Asclepiadeae 



Primulaceae 



a. epigynous. 



IV. DiSCIFLORi 



1. a Corneae 



b, Celastrineae 

 Malpighiaceae 



2. a. Araliaceae 

 b. Umbelliferae 



3. Lorantheas 



B. on the Receptacle. II. Thalamiflor^. 

 b. ami)higynous. 



V. BASIFL0R.E. 



1. a. Berberidese 

 b. Cruciferae 



Papaveraceas 



2. a. Nymphaeaceae 

 b. Rammculaceae 



3. Balsamineae 



c. hypogynous. 



VI. COLUMNIFLOR.*. 



1. a. Cistineae 

 6. Tiliaceae 



Hypericineae 



2. a. Gniinales 

 b. Malvaceae 



3. Caryophylleae 



C. on the Calyx. III. Calyciflor^. 



a. epiperigynous . 



VII. FAUCIFL0R.3E. 



1. a. Calycanthemae 

 b. Rhamneae 



Ribesieae 



2. Succulentae 



3. Portulacaceae 



b. amphigynons. 



VIII. TORIFLORiE, 



1. a. Leguminosae 



Drupaceee 

 h. Pomaceae 



2. Senticosae 



3. Paronychieae 



c. hypogynous. 

 IX. Centriflor^. 



1. a. Ericinae 



b. Empetreae 

 Aquifohace;e 



2. Eiiphorbiacea> 



3. Polygoneae 

 Chenopodeae 



