292 



JUGLANDACEiE. 



[Diclinous Exogens. 



Order XCVI. JUGLANDACE.E.— Juglands. 



Juglandeae, B.C. Theorie, 215. (1813) ; Kunth. in Ann. Sc. Nat.2. 343; Blume, Fl. Jav.; Bartl. Ord. 

 Nat. 397. ; Endlich. ccxliv. 



Diagnosis. — Quernal Exogens, with 1 cell in the ovary, and 1 solitary erect ovule. 



Trees, with a watery or resinous juice. Leaves alternate, pinnated, usually undotted. 

 Stipules none. Flowers herbaceous, inconspicuous. Flowers imperfect, $ $ ; the $ 

 in cations, the $ in terminal clusters ; occasionally 

 both mingled in 1 panicle. $ Calyx adherent to a 

 scale-like bract, 2- 3- 6-parted, with membranous un- 

 equal segments. Stamens 3, or a considerable number, 

 with short free filaments and erect •2-ceUed anthers. 

 $ either terminal, clustered, and surrounded with a 

 few small bracts of the bud, or m loose racemes inclosed 

 in a 1 -flowered involucre, which is cup-shaped at the 

 base, imited with the base of the calyx, gro\\ing with 

 its growth, and finally acquiring vmequal wing-like ex- 

 pansions. Calyx adherent to the ovary, with a minute 

 limb, in from 3 to 5 deciduous or shrivelling divisions. 

 Corolla usually 0, occasionally minute petals. Ovary ad- 

 herent, 2- or 4-celled at the base, 1-celled at the apex, 

 with a short column on which the o\aile is seated. 

 0\aile solitary, erect, on the point of the central co- 

 lumn, orthotropal. Styles 1 or 2, very short; stigmas 2-4, 

 seldom more, and unequal, fringed ; sometimes sessile, 

 discoid, 4-lobed. Drupe 1 -stoned, naked, or in an adhe- 

 rent involucre ; with the sarcocarp usually separating 

 from a 2-valved or valveless stone, which is 2-4-celled 

 at the base and 1-celled at the apex. Seed erect, witli- 

 out albumen, smooth or wrinkled, 2- or 4-lobed at the 

 base, and partly diA-ided by partial dissepiments which 

 cut into it. Cotyledons fleshy, oily, sinuous. Radicle 

 very short, superior. 



Almost everybody refers these fine trees to the neigh- 

 bourhood of the plants called Terebints by Jussieu ; to 

 which, however, their affinity is oljsciu-e. On the con- 

 trary, with the single exception of their terebinthiuous leaves, all the points of their 

 structm'e seem to pomt to Mastworts, with which they accord in their unisexual flowers, 

 adherent calyx, and large exalbuminous embryo, which m Synaedrys and some Oaks 

 is also 4-lobed and ^vrinkled. This too seems to be the opinion of M. Adi'ien de 

 Jussieu {Cours elementaire, p. 510). Endlicher, however, still regards them as related 

 to the Terebints tlu'ough Pistacia, and there is no doubt that they are so, although, as 

 has been ah'eady stated (p. 289), they seem to have a nearer resemblance to Mast- 

 worts. 



Chiefly found in North America ; a few are East Indian ; one species, the conunon 

 Walnut, is a native of Persia and Cashmere ; another, of Caucasus ; and a thu-d, of the 

 West India Islands. 



The bark is acrid and purgative : so is the rind of the fruit of the common Walnut, 

 notwithstanding its astringeney. This quality is not confined to J. regia, but gives its 

 name to the J. cathartica of the United States. The seed of the Walnut is esteemed for 

 its sweetness and wholesome qualities. It abounds m oil, of a very drymg nature, and 

 valuable for domestic purposes. Mr. Vigne says that above 12,000 ass loads of Walnut 

 kernels are annually appropriated to the oil press in Cashmere, where Walnut oil is 

 preferred to Linseed oU, and is chiefly employed in cookery and for burning in lamps. 

 This oil possesses such quaUties as fairly entitle it to introduction into Em'ope, and if 

 divested of its mucilage, it might, perhaps, compete with oil of Olives, at least for medi- 



Fig. ecu.— Juglans regia. 1. a ^ catkin; 2. a pair of ^ flowers ; 3. perpendicular section of a Q 

 flower ; 4. perpendicular section of a ripe Walnut. 



ecu. 



