954 CARDUACEAE 



flat, naked or with some bracts between the ray and disk. Ray-flowers fertile, 

 pistillate ; Ugules yellow, rather narrow. Disk-flowers numerous. Style-branches 

 with truncate subcapitate tips. Achenes obpyramidal, densely pubescent. 

 Pappus of 5-7 lanceolate or subulate, acuminate, aristate, scarious, and nerve- 

 less squamellae. 



1. D. Hoopesii (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-10 dm. high, tomentulose when 

 j'oung, leafy; basal leaves petioled, 1-3 dm. long, 2-7 cm. broad, oblanceolate, 

 several-ribbed; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile; involucres 2-3 cm. broad; ligules 

 golden, 1.5-3 cm. long. Helenium Hoopesii A. Gray. Mountain valleys: Ore. 

 — Wyo.— N.M.— CaUf. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 



110. HELENIUM L. Sneezeweed. 



Annual or perennial leafy herbs. Leaves alternate, narrow, impressed-punc- 

 tate, more or less decurrent, producing wings on the stem. Heads usually radi- 

 ate. Involucre rotate; bracts narrow, linear or subulate in 2 or 3 series, sub- 

 equal or the inner shorter, at first spreading, usually soon reflexed. Receptacle 

 from convex to ovoid or conic, naked or sometimes with a few bracts between 

 the ray- and disk-flowers. Ray-flowers usually present, in most species pistil- 

 late and fertile, in the rest neutral and sterile; ligules large, conspicuous, 3—4- 

 toothed or -lobed, cuneate in outline. Disk-flowers numerous, hermaphrodite 

 and fertile; corollas yellow, brown, or purplish. Achenes truncately obpyramidal, 

 4- or 5-angled, with as many intermediate ribs, pubescent on the angles and ribs. 

 Pappus of 4-8 thin scarious squamellae, with or without midrib. 



Plant scabrous-puberulent tliroughout ; bracts about equalling the disk: ligules about 1 

 cm. long or less. 1. H. mmtanum. 



Plant glabrous or minutely puberulent; bracts much longer than the disk; ligules gen- 

 erally over 1 cm. long. 2. H. macranthum. 



1, H. montanum Nutt. Perennial; stem 3-10 dm. high, more or less puberu- 

 lent; leaves lanceolate, decurrent, 5-10 cm. long, denticulate or subentire; 

 heads numerous, paniculate-cymose; involucres about 8 mm. high, 10-15 mm. 

 broad; ray-flowers fertile; ligules 8-10 mm. long, cuneate, puberulent beneath, 

 golden yellow; pappus-scales lanceolate, acuminate. Meadows: Mont. — Kan. — 

 N.M.— Wash.— B.C. Plain— Submonl. Jl-S. 



2. H. macranthum Rydb. Perennial; stem 3-12 dm. high; leaves broadly 

 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or entire, thinner than in the preceding; 

 heads with longer naked peduncles; involucres over 1 cm. high, 15-20 mm. 

 broad; ligules 12-20 mm. long, orange. H. grandiflorum Nutt., not Gilib. H. 

 autumnale grandiflorum A. Gray. Wet places: Mack. — Sask. — Wa'o. — Ore. — 

 B.C. Plain— Submont. Jl-S. 



111. GAILLARDIA Foug. Blanket-flower. 



Annual, biennial, or jierennial herbs, either scapose or caulescent. Leaves 

 alternate or basal, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, often in the same species. Heads 

 radiate or discoid, peduncled. Involucre saucer-shaped or rotate; bracts in 2-3 

 series, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, at least the upper half strongly reflexed. 

 Receptacle convex to subglobose, alveolate, usually more or less fimbrillate, the 

 fimbrillae from soft and short-conic, to elongate-subulate, stiff and awn-like. 

 Ray-flowers usually neutral, rarely pistillate and fertile, often wanting; ligules, 

 if present, broad, cuneate or flabelliform, deeply 3-cleft, yellow, or purple, or 

 both. Disk-flowers hermai)hrodite and fertile. Anthers auricled at the base. 

 Style-branches appendaged; apj)endag('S from glabrous and short to hispidulous 

 and filiform. Achenes broadly obpyramidal, about twice as long as broad, 

 wholly or partly covered by long, stiff, ascending hairs. 



Lobes of the disk-corollas acuminate, covered with moniliform hairs. 



Plant perennial; ligules usually wholly yellow. 1. G. aristala. 



Plant annual; ligules partly or wholly purple. 2. G. pulchella. 



Lobes of the disk-corollas short and broad, acute or obtu.se. 



Plant hirsute or villous; leaves neither coriaceous nor conspicuously punctate. 

 Pappus-squamellae lanceolate, awn-pointed. 



Disk purple; leaf-segments more or less ascending. 



