STANDLEY — FLORA OF GLACIER PARK. 267 



Eur., and Asia. (Asplenium filix-foemina Bernh.)— Rootstock short-creeping; leaves 

 in small clusters, 0.4 to 1.5 meters long, green, oblong-ovate to lanceolate; leaf stalks 

 straw-colored or brownish, chaffy; pinnules cut or lobed, the lobes often toothed. 



This is by far our most abundant fern, being found almost everywhere in the woods; 

 on moist open slopes it often forms large dense patches to the exclusion of all other 

 plants . It is so extremely abundant that one soon tii-es of it. The leaves vary greatly 

 in width; in exposed places they are usually stiffly erect, but in deep shade they are 

 more spreading. In late summer they are much discolored with dark spots. The 

 Bori vary in shape, being sometimes only slightly curved and in other cases nearly 



circular. 



8. POLYSTICHUM Roth. 



Plants large or small, the leaves tufted at the end of a thick rootstock; leaf stalks 

 very chaffy; sori large, with a conspicuous indusium. 



Leaves once pinnate, the pinnae 1 to 5 cm. long 1. P. lonchitis. 



Leaves twice pinnate, the pinnae 4 to 10 cm. long 2. P. andersoni. 



1. Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly fern. Frequent in moist woods at 

 middle altitudes and under shrubs above timber line. Alaska to Calif., Colo., Alta., 

 N. S., and Greenl.— Leaves tufted, 10 to 40 cm. long, erect or spreading, the stalks 

 covered with light brown scales; pinnae dark green, closely toothed, with spine- 

 tipped teeth; son borne chiefly or wholly on the upper pinnae. 



Although the holly fern is widely distributed in the park it is rarely plentiful, and 

 the plants are mostly scattered. They vary greatly in size, those above timber line 

 often being much reduced. They are found occasionally in crevices of cliffs. 



2. Polystichum andersoni Hopkins. Bristle fern. Rare; in moist alder thickets 

 at Grinnell Lake and along the upper trail from Many Glacier Hotel to Piegan Pass. 

 B. C, Wash., and Mont.— Leaves tufted, erect, 35 to 75 cm. long; leaf stalks very 

 chaffy; rachis of the leaf bearing a bud near the tip; pinnules with bristle- tipped 

 teeth. 



This is a handsome plant, and one of the rarest of North American ferns. 



9. DRYOPTERIS Adans. 

 Plants large or small; leaves solitary or tufted, 2 or more times divided. 

 Rootstocks very slender, long and creeping; leaves solitary, broadly triangular, about 

 as broad as long or broader; leaf stalk not chaffy, slender; indusium none. 



1, D. lirmaeana. 

 Rootstocks very thick, short; leaves tufted at the end of the rootstock, much longer 

 than broad, not triangular; leaf stalks very chaffy, stout; indusium present. 



Leaves 3 times pinnate or lobed. Indusia very small 2. D. dilatata. 



Leaves twice pinnate. 

 Pinnae triangular-oblong or triangular-ovate; scales at the base of the leaf stalk 



ovate-oblong 3. D. cristata. 



Pinnae linear-lanceolate, with a broad base; scales lance-linear, long-pointed. 



4. D. filix-mas. 



1. Dryopteris linnaeana C. Chr. Oak fern. Common nearly everywhere in deep 

 woods; in some localities very abundant. Alaska to Greenl., Va., Minn., Ariz., and 

 Oreg.; also in Eur. (TMypteris dryopteris Slosson; Phegopteris dryopteris F6e; 

 Dryopteris dryopteris Christ.)— Leaves thin, 10 to 25 cm. wide, divided into 3 nearly 

 equal parts, these once or twice pinnate, the segments oblong, entire or toothed. 



In some places this fern covers large mossy banks with its graceful fronds; it is 

 often associated with the lady fern and male fern. This species has been incorrectly 

 reported from the park as Phegopteris polypodioides F6e. 



