STANDLEY FLORA OF GLACIER PARK. 377 



55. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family. 



1. VIOLA L. Violet. 



Perennial herbs, stemless or with leafy stems; flowers stalked in the leaf axils; 

 petals 5, the lowest one spurred; stamens 5; fruit a small capsule. 



Leaves acute at the base; flowers yellow 1. V. linguaefolia. 



Leaves cordate or rounded at the base; flowers variously colored. 

 Plants stemless, sometimes sending out runners. 

 Flowers yellow; leaves broadly rounded at the apex, dark green, usually lying 



flat on the ground 2. V. orbiculata. 



Flowers white, lilac, or purple; leaves often pointed, not dark green, erect. 



Plants with slender runners; petals white or lilac 3. V. palustris. 



Plants without runners; petals purple 4. V. nephrophylla. 



Plants with short or tall leafy stems. 

 Flowers purple; leaves rounded or truncate- at base. 



Leaves 1 to 3 cm. long; seeds 1.5 mm. long 5. V. adunca. 



Leaves 3 to 5 cm. long; seeds 2 mm. long 6. V. montanensis. 



Flowers yellow or lavender; leaves cordate at base. 



Petals yellow; leaves usually glabrous beneath 7. V. glabella. 



Petals lavender inside; leaves usually short-hairy beneath on the veins. 



8. V. canadensis. 



1. Viola linguaefolia Nutt. East entrance, on canyon slopes, Umbach. Wash, to 

 Calif., Colo., and Mont.— Plants with short stems; leaves mostly ovate or elliptic, 4 

 to S cm. long, obtuse or acutish, glabrous or nearly so; upper petals reddish brown. 



2. Viola orbiculata Geyer. Evergreen violet. Frequent at low and middle 

 altitudes, rarely found above timber line, usually in deep woods. B. C, Wash., 

 Mont., and Alta.— Rootstocks thick and stout; leaves rounded, 2 to 4 cm. wide, with 

 low rounded teeth, glabrous or nearly so; runners 5 to 10 cm. long, usually flower- 

 bearing. 



The leaves are of a darker green than those of most violets; they persist through the 



winter. 



3. Viola palustris L. Marsh violet. Frequent at low and middle altitudes, in 

 swamps or wet thickets; common in sphagnum bogs. Alaska to Colo., S. Dak., N. H., 

 and Lab.; also in Eur. and Asia.— Plants glabrous, with slender rootstocks; leaves 

 heart-shaped or rounded, with low teeth; seeds dark brown. 



4. Viola nephrophylla Greene. Purple violet. Occasional in moist woods or on 

 lake shores. B. C. to N. Mcx., Wis., Conn., and Que.— Plants with thick rootstocks; 

 eaves heart-shaped or kidney -shaped, 3 to 6 cm. wide; seeds olive-brown, 2 mm. 

 long. 



5. Viola adunca J. E. Smith. Rocky summit above Ptarmigan Lake; also collected 

 by Umbach on hills at east entrance. Alaska to Calif., Colo., N. H., and Que.— 

 Stems often very short; leaves ovate, obtuse, finely hairy; spur slender, 5 to 7 mm. 

 long. 



6. Viola montanensis Rydb. East entrance, on hillsides, Umbach. Mont, to 

 Colo.— Stems 10 to 20 cm. high; leaves broadly ovate, often finely hairy. 



Perhaps only a form of V. adunca. 



7. Viola glabella Nutt. Yellow violet. Common at middle altitudes and some- 

 times above timber line, in woods or on moist slopes. Alaska to Calif, and Mont.— 

 Plants 10 to 30 cm. high, nearly glabrous; leaves mostly kidney-shaped, crenate, 

 usually short-pointed; seeds nearly black. 



This is the only violet which is seen in bloom in any abundance during the summer. 

 The plants often form great beds on banks near snow about timber line. 



