BOTANICAL SURVEY— SUGAR GROVE REGION 275 



Together with these are young individuals of the forest trees and 

 btragglers from other associations which, though frequently abundant 

 here, especially in places where the forest is younger, are gradually 

 suppressed by ovei'shadiiig. Tlie most ai)undant of these are Sassafras, 

 Ojijd(itf]i-()ii, Kahttia, and (^hnfciis piitius. 



As under-shrubs and semi-lianes are: 



Smilax rotundifolia Sniilax cchirrata 



Clematis virginiana Passifiora lutea 



Parthenocirsus quinquefolia Pliiis toxicodendron 



The last two in this forest, as in the birch bottom land, are strictly 

 ground trailers, and though always common, ai-e never luxuriant until 

 a windfall or other accident lets in the light, when they shoot up with 

 great rapidity into Ihcir well-known full liane foi-m. 



The herbage is composed of a large number of species belonging 

 to several guilds. In the most shaded woods, in situations where at 

 the same time leaf-fall is not too abundant, herbs with evergreen or 

 hibernating leaves are abundant and conspicuous, especially during the 

 winter, when other herbs are absent. These include: 



Carex pJantaghicd Jl> pdlira ncHtiJoha 



Polysticum achrosticoides Driioplcrl.s mariihidle 



Dryopteris spinulosum Boirijchium ohJuiuum 



Pyrola ellipUca Lycopodinm Juciditlum 



Tiarella rordifolia (in the south- Aspleniinn iihitynrnron 



ern section) 



When not too much shaded and especially in younger second 



growth there is a ric!i development of vernal herbs typically geophiloas 



and with showy flowers, such as : 



Trillium i/randifloriini BinirnUu caiutdciiKis 



Bicuccula cncculata Fri/fhroHiinu amcrieanum 



Podophyllum peltatum Arisaema tripJiylluni 



Juncoides carolinae Viola pubescens 



Viola hlanda Viola rostrata 



Viola palmnta Syndesmon thalictroides 



Viola canadensis Botrychium virginiannm 



Galeorchis spectahilis Vagncra racemosa 



Aralia nudicaulis Geranium maeulatum 



TJialictrum dioicnm Bentaria laciniafa 



Dentaria heterophylhi (in southern Fainmcnhis recitrratus 

 section only) 



