Climate of Middle Illinois. 35 



Cacalia tuberosa; in July, Silphium laciniatum, terebinthinaceum and 

 integrifolium, Echinacea angustifolia, Coreopsis palmata and lanceolata, 

 Rudbeckia hirta and subtomentosa, Lepachys pinnata, Asclepias tuberosa 

 and verticillata, Euphorbia corollata, Petalostemon violaceum and candi- 

 dura, Amorpha canescens, Desmodium Illinoense, Ruellia ciliosa, Callirhoe 

 triangulata, Potentilla arguta and Erynchium yuccaefolium; in August, 

 Helianthus rigidus and occidentalis, Solidago rigida and missouriensis, 

 Hieracium longipilum, Diplopappus linariifolius, Liatris cylindracea, scar- 

 iosa and pycnostachya, Prenanthes aspera, Gnaphalium polycephalum, 

 Chrysopsis villosa; lastly in September, Aster sericeus, azureus, oblongi- 

 f olius, multiflorus and ericoides and Gentiana puberula. Number, size and 

 color make these most characteristic members of the prairie flora conspic- 

 uous; besides ought to be mentioned a number of tall gregarious grasses: 

 Chrysopogon nutans, Andropogon f urcatus and scoparius, Kceleria cristata, 

 Eatonia obtiisata, Elymus canadensis Stipa spartea and Sporobolus 

 heterolepis. 



The flora of the wet prairies is mixed with the species of the neigh- 

 boring banks, swamps and bottom-wood and differs according to the soil 

 (sand or silt). The most conspicuous species are in spring: Menyanthes 

 trifoliata, Scilla Fraseri, Allium canadense; in summer. Spiraea lobata, 

 Phlox glaberrima, Asclepias Siillivantii, Sagifraga pennsylvanica, Phaseolus 

 diversifolius, Steironema longifolia and lanceolata, Ipomoea lacunosa, 

 Habenaria leucophsea; in fall, Boltonia asteroides (glastifolia) Prenanthes 

 racemosa, Solidago neglecta, Riddellii and ohioensis, Helianthus giganteus 

 Gentiana Andrewsii and Polygonum ramosissimum — the latter often six 

 feet high. Besides there are many Cyperaceae: Scirpus lineatus and 

 atrovirens, Gyperus erythrorhizus, Michauxianus and strigosus, Carex vul- 

 pinoidea, crus corvi, stipata, conjuncta, arida, scoparia, strarainea, cristata, 

 hystricina, tentaculata and some tall grasses: Calamagrostis canadensis, 

 Leersia lenticularis and Spartina cynosuroides. 



WATER, SWAMP AND MOIST PLACES. 



From the foot of the eastern bluffs numerous springs rush in small 

 beds toward the lower bottom land or form swampy places of little exten- 

 sion. There we find Caltha palustris, Cardamine rhomboidea, Parnassia 

 caroliniana, Archangelica atropurpurea. Aster corymbosus, umbellatus and 

 infirmus, Solidago patula, Cnicus muticus, Archemora rigida, Lysimachia 

 thyrsiflora, Gerardia purpurea, Chelone glabra, Seymeria macrophylla, 

 Symplocarpus foetidus, Peltandra virginica, Habenaria hyperborea, Cypri- 

 pedium candidum and spectabile; in the running water: Mimulus lamesii 

 Ludwigia palustris, Berula angustifolia, Veronica Anagallis and ameri- 

 cana, Callitriche heterophylla and Anacharis canadensis. 



