this effigy pipe is by no means unique in form. Several 
similar nose pipes have come to light, including one 
(Plate VI) of aman with animal characteristics lying on 
his stomach, with the bowl in the back and a horn-like 
nosepiece on top of the head. Here again the sex of the 
efligy is male; indeed, there are indications of a phallus 
on the underside. 
On the basis of the evidence, then, we can postulate a 
snufling complex of appreciable duration and antiquity 
along the west coast of Mexico, with the earliest evi- 
dence dating to 1500-1200 B.C., and the latest approxi- 
mately to the beginning of the Christian era. 
A recent re-examination of early pottery artifacts from 
Oaxaca as well as from Central Mexico shows, however, 
that divine inebriation with psychotropic snuff was not 
limited to the Guerrero Formative or the shaft-and- 
chamber tomb phase of coastal northwestern Meso- 
america. | have only just begun checking through col- 
lections and the literature on Monte Alban ceramics, but 
already it appears that the evidence for snufling from the 
Late Formative at least into the Karly Classic is sub- 
stantial. Thus far, we have been able to identify more 
than a dozen spouted ‘‘miniature effigy vessels’*, includ- 
ing a group in the Museo Frissell de Arte Zapoteca in 
Mitla, Oaxaca, as probable nose pipes, dating from Monte 
Alban I and II. Some of these appear very similar in 
construction, if not in style and paste, to those from 
XNochipala. In addition, I have located at least one 
probable Early to Middle Formative animal effigy nose 
pipe, in the form of a turtle, from Tlatilco, in the col- 
lections of the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna, Austria. 
This relates stylistically to black effigy ceramics of Olmec 
derivation or origin from Tlatilco and Las Bocas, Puebla. 
One interesting little polished black snuffing pipe, 
possibly transitional from Monte Alban I to IT (i.e. ca. 
[ 16 | 
