ological reconnaissance and survey in the Sierra Madre 
sites which involved only limited excavations. 
It is now believed that neither of the above concepts 
is completely correct, but that the one proposed by Sayles 
and Gladwin comes closest to the situation as it has been 
revealed by these recent studies. Instead of labelling 
the culture associated with the cliff dwellings as Casas 
Grandes, it seems preferable to define it as Mogollon. 
Also, the cultural remains below the cliff dwellings and 
buried beneath the surfaces of caves containing no habi- 
tations, or simply a few wall remains, are likewise Mo- 
gollon. It is assumed that the Casas Grandes culture 
developed from a Mogollon base and spread eastward 
from the mountains into northwestern Chihuahua and 
southwestern New Mexico. One cave, Swallow Cave, 
produced deeply buried culture-bearing strata lying be- 
low Mogollon culture. 
As a result of these investigations, the culture history 
in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental may be briefly 
summarized as follows: 
1. The earliest remains encountered were those found 
in the lower levels (Levels 8-14) of trenches in Swallow 
Cave. No pottery occurred in these strata, but maize, 
acorns, charcoal, and utilized flakes of stone clearly indi- 
cate an occupation of the cave. No evidence of permanent 
habitations was found, so it is assumed that the cave was 
simply used as a camping place during the period rep- 
resented by these levels. he presence of maize unasso- 
ciated with pottery is not unusual, for such occurrences 
have been reported a short distance to the north in Bat 
Cave, New Mexico (Mangelsdorf and Smith, 1949) and 
in other caves in southwestern New Mexico (Martin et 
al, 1952). Cultural remains from this horizon in Swallow 
Cave pre-date the Mogollon material found above them 
which is described in the following paragraphs. How- 
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