Maiz de Ocho and Pima Papago, with the Mogollon 
type of pithouse, especially the ceremonial type, indi- 
cates that the two may have diffused together from the 
South. The short tenure of these races on the mesa which 
was terminated by drought may not have allowed time 
for the elaboration of appropriate ceremonialism. 
The evidence from ceramics at these sites near the 
river indicates contacts with both the southern and 
northern cultures. Potsherds from the Alma Plain which 
originated with the Mogollons from the South were 
found with mineral and carbon painted affiliates of Lino 
Gray representing Anasazi wares from the North. While 
the data on ceramics do not in themselves verify the 
route of Maiz de Ocho, they do reveal that trade was 
well established between the South and North. This new 
race of maize would probably have been included in some 
of the transactions. 
THE MaIZE 
Chapalote is the indigenous race of maize of the area. 
It traces back to preceramic times during the Rio Rancho 
phase at Boca Negra Cave. About 125 miles to the south 
at Bat Cave, New Mexico, Chapalote was dated at 2300 
B.C. where its evolution eventually involved a second 
element, the wild relative teosinte, at 500 B.C. (Mangels- 
dorf and Smith, 1949; Mangelsdorf et al., 1967). 
Chapalote may be identified either by its kernels or by 
its cobs. Its kernels are deeper than wide in shape and 
generally small and flinty although a floury form was 
selected in Basketmaker times. Its cupules (depressions 
in the cob axis (rachis) immediately above the attach- 
ment point of each pair of pistillate spikelets) are narrow 
(3 to 4 mm. wide) and the width and height (internode 
length) are usually of about equal dimensions. Evolved 
Chapalote has 12 to 16 rows of kernels while the earliest 
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