of A. colubrina amongst Indians of the northwest of Argentina 
(Califano, 1976). 
At the present time, the use of Anadenanthera peregrina in 
elaborating yopo is restricted apparently to the Orinoco Valley 
and adjacent regions. There are snuffs prepared and employed 
in other areas of tropical South America which have been 
attributed toA. peregrina, although, due to the limited distribu- 
tion of this species and lack of voucher specimens, there are 
serious doubts that these snuffs are, in reality, derived from 
this legume. It may possibly be that a century ago, the distribu- 
tion of A. peregrina, as aresult of Indian cultivation of the tree, 
could have been somewhat wider. 
One example of the confusion resulting from incomplete 
botanical identification of drugs — or lack of it — are the maps 
prepared for anthropological use, in which great areas of South 
America are blacked in as regions where snuff from Anadenan- 
thera peregrina is employed — even in vast expanses where it 
is known that the plant does not occur (Cooper, 1949; Lathrap, 
1975). There are a number of other psychoactive snuffs used in 
South America — especially tobacco, rapé dos indios, coca, 
epena and koribo — yet, because of its greater historical im- 
portance, yopo has immediately come to the fore in an- 
thropological literature as the major narcotic snuff. 
Species indicated in the foregoing discussion: 
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan in Kew Bull. 1955, 2 (1955) 182. 
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var Cebil (Griseb.) Altschul in 
Contrib. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. 193 (1964) 53. 
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Spegazzini in Physis 6 (1923) 313. 
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Spegazzini var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul in 
Contrib. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. 193 (1964) 50. 
Mimosa Linnaeus 
Here we still have real problems in precise identification, 
and it may be too late to solve them. 
Although the use of vinho de jurema, an intoxicating drink 
once important in aboriginal cultures in northeastern Brazil, 
has apparently become extinct, this narcotic preparation was 
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