A tea made from the boughs was drunk for colds, pneumonia, 
and fevers (Ad, AP, MSS, CW). It was believed that the tea made 
from the boughs having fleshy cones intact was stronger (Ad). It 
was also drunk as a general tonic (RD). A decoction applied 
externally to rheumatic and arthritic areas supposedly alleviated 
the pain, but did not cure it (PB). 
The boughs were burned with charcoal in a can and held 
beneath the nose of a sick horse (PB). The boughs were also 
burned on stove tops as incense (Ad, PB, RS, AV) or were used as 
a body scent (PB). 
Thuja plicata Donn. — (Western red cedar) 
Wood: astkw (PB, AP, CW) 
boughs: mselshp (PB, AP, AV, CW) 
Baskets or bags were made from the bark. The strips of bark 
were woven into differently shaped baskets; a single, large piece of 
bark was shaped into a bag. The baskets were used primarily for 
berry picking, while the bag was used for storage (PB). 
PINACEAE 
Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes — (Grand fir) 
quilcen (PB, MSS) 
An infusion of the resin from the punctured bark blisters was 
sweetened and drunk for whooping cough (PB). The resin was 
also rubbed on the throat and chest for colds. An eyewash was 
made by boiling the bruised needles. The dried and finely pulver- 
ized needles were also used as a baby powder (RS). 
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. — (Subalpine fir) 
maninishp (Ad, PB, AP, 
MSS, CW) 
The needles were dried, pounded into a powder, and mixed 
with grease or marrow; this was then rubbed on diseased or 
infected skin; if the diseased skin was open and runny, then this 
powder was sprinkled directly on the festering sore (PB). 
For cuts, the hardened resin was pulverized, mixed with 
warmed lard, and then applied to the wound (MSS). A baby 
powder was made from the dried and pulverized needles (PB, 
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