RS claimed that the fruit was never used for food until sugar 
was made available in recent times. RD claimed that they were 
eaten fresh when ripe, however. The fruits could also be pounded 
and cooked into a jam (RD, AV), though much sugar was needed 
(AV). Dried, the fruit was saved for future use (RD). 
As a medicine, the roots were cleaned, chewed or crushed, and 
placed on cuts with a clean cloth; this was changed three times a 
day. In about three days the cut was reputedly healed (PB). 
A decoction made from the roots had several uses. It was drunk 
as a tea to alleviate coughing (AP, CW), to facilitate the delivery 
of the placenta of pregnant women, for venereal diseases, as a 
contraceptive (RS), and for rheumatism (AP, CW); it was also 
used as an eyewash (RD). 
BETULACEAE 
Alnus incana (L.) Moench — (Alder) 
chichtene (PB, MSS, AV) 
An infusion of the bark was employed to dye moccasins yellow 
(MSS, AV), feathers reddish brown (PB), and human hair red 
(RS). 
Betula occidentalis Hook — (Birch) 
siceqenelshp (AP, AV, CW) 
Betula papyrifera Marsh — (Paper birch) 
qwishnalqw (AP, AV, CW) 
The sap was drunk as a beverage (PB, RD), it was collected 
from hollowed-out cavities in trunks (PB). 
BORAGINACEAE 
Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. — (Stoneseed) 
si?icqgen (PB): pertains to 
head 
An infusion from either the fresh or dried roots was drunk for 
pleurisy and similar ailments (RD), while the infusion of the 
foilage was drunk for diarrhea (RS). 
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