melles’’ °, that farmers in the Rhone basin were still 
calling pistillate plants of hemp ‘chanvre male’ and 
staminate plants ‘chanvre femelle’, because the pistillate 
plants remained green and robust after the weaker stami- 
nate plants had withered, their function as pollinators 
fulfilled. 
In the same manner, C. Bauhin designated the useful 
female hop-bearing plant of Humulus Lupulus as Hum- 
ulus mas and the unproductive male as HZ. foemina. 
The difference between male and female plants of 
hemp necessitates two periods of harvesting. Thus, 
Philip Miller in his Gardeners Dictionary, 8th ed. 
(1768), recorded that in the east of England ‘the first 
season for pulling the Hemp, is usually about the middle 
of August, when they begin to pull what they call the 
Kimble Hemp, which is the male plants... . These 
male plants begin to decay soon after they have shed 
their farina. The second pulling is soon after Michael- 
mas, when the seeds are ripe: this is usually called Karle 
Hemp, it is the female plants, which were left at the 
time the male were pulled’. 
The fruit isa small nut, i.e. it has a single seed tightly 
covered by the hardened wall of the ovary, and is en- 
closed within a sheathing hairy bract with abundant resin 
glands which presumably developed in the wild as a pro- 
tection for the fruit against insects, like the glandular 
trichomes of other plants (cf. D.A. Levin, 19738). The 
distinctions, which have been made between the taxa 
known as C. sativa, C. indica and C. ruderalis, relate to 
characteristics of the fruit; male plants seemingly pro- 
vide no diagnostic features; hence tor typification a pis- 
tillate specimen would be preferable to a staminate one 
on taxonomic as well as historic grounds. 
Linnaeus’s protologue in the Species Plantarum 2: 
1027 (1753) is as follows: 
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