BETULACEAE 
Betula nigra L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 982. 
(ramra) 
The bark soaked in urine gives colour to sole leather; it can also 
dye cottons and woollens a cinnamon hue. The bark serves also as 
a tannin. Pounded up and mixed with lard, the leaves are applied 
as a poultice to cleanse and heal ulcers. Without lard, they are 
valued in treating inflammations. When applied to fresh wounds, 
they staunch the flow of blood. 
F AGACEAE 
Fagus oblongifolia nom. nud. 
(pellin) 
Chileans empluy the bark to dye woollens a dark purple. 
Fagus Pellin nom. nud. 
(pellin) 
Crushed up and mixed with lime or bran, the bark is employed 
as a tanning material, dyeing sole leather a red colour. 
URTICACEAE 
Urtica spiralis Domb. ex Wedd. in Ann. ser. 3, 18 (1852) 232. 
A gum resembling gum arabic weeps from the wounds inflicted 
on the branches. The yield is small. 
PROTEACEAE 
Embothrium dentatum R. et. P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 62, t. 94. 
(raral) 
The bark and leaves are the source of a black dye. 
Embothrium emarginatum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 62. 
[Embothrium grandiflorum Lam. Encycl. 2 (1786) 354.] t. 95. 
(catas; machinparrani) 
The leaves are crushed and applied to contusions by the 
Indians; powdered, they are said to dry up ulcers and help the 
growth of new flesh. 
Embothrium monospermum R. et P. Fl. Peruv. | (1798) 63, t. 98. 
[ Roupala monosperma (R. et P.) 1. M. Johnston in Contrib. Gray 
Herb. 73 (1924) 42.] 
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