Indians, who knew the shrub as Jatué or arbol de los brujos, to 
cause permanent insanity (Murillo 1889). Recent phytochemical 
studies indicate the presence of atropine and scopolamine 
(Bodendorf and Kummer 1962; Plowman et al. 1971; Silva and 
Mancinelli 1959; Schultes 1979). 
Mandragora L. 
The famed mandrake of Europe, Mandragora officinarum L., 
owes the fame that it has acquired mainly to its hallucinogenic 
toxicity. The active principles are tropane alkaloids, primarily 
hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and mandragorine (Staud 1962; 
Schultes and Hofmann 1979; Wagner 1969). 
Six species of Mandragora are known, native to the region 
from the Mediterranean to the Himalayas. 
Solandra Sw. 
In parts of Mexico, several species of the solanaceous Solan- 
dra—S. guerrenensis Martinez and S. brevicalyx Standl.—are 
employed as sacred hallucinogens. The Aztec names of the 
former species are Aueipatl and tecomaxochitl; amongst the 
Huichols, the latter is known as kie/i and represents a god-plant 
(Knab 1977). A tea is made from the juice of the branches. 
Much remains to be done before the chemistry of Solandra is 
fully understood. Small amounts of atropine, noratropine, (—)- 
hyoscyamine and norhyoscyamine (Raffauf 1970) as well as 
tropine, nortropine, cuscohygrine and other bases (Evans et al. 
1972) are found. 
It is possible that Solandra guttata D. Donand S. nitida Zucc. 
are similarly used in Mexico (Schultes and Hofmann 1980). 
Solandra is a genus of about 10 species native to Mexico and 
tropical America. It is closely allied to Datura and Brugmansia. 
8. TRYPTAMINES 
Acanthaceae 
Justicia L. 
The Waikas of the Orinoco headwaters in Venezuela and in 
northwestern Brazil, occasionally dry and pulverize the leaves of 
Justicia pectoralis Jacq. var. stenophylla Leonard as an admix- 
ture to their Virola-snuff (Carias-Brewer and Steyermark 1976; 
Schultes 1967; and Schultes and Holmstedt 1968). 
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