Campanulaceae 
Lobelia L. 
Lobelia Tupa L., a tall polymorphic herb of the Andean 
highlands known as tupa or tabaco del diablo, is a widely 
recognized poison. Chilean peasants are said to employ the juice 
to relieve toothache, and, while the Mapuches of Chile reputedly 
smoke the leaves for their narcotic effect, there is as yet no 
certainty that this plant is truly hallucinogenic (Naranjo 1969). 
The leaves of Lobelia Tupa contain the piperidine alkaloid 
lobeline (XX XIII), a respiratory stimulant, and the diketo- and 
dihydroxy-derivatives, lobelamidine and norlobelamidine (Kacz- 
marek and Steinegger 1958, 1959). 
O OH 
| | 
C—O—CH,~ Vn ~~CH2—O--CH 
| 
[© 
CH, 
XXXOI 
There are 350 to 400 cosmopolitan species of Lobelia, mostly 
tropical and subtropical, especially in the Americas. It is usually 
classified with several other large genera as a subfamily, Lobe- 
liodieae, of the Campanulaceae, but the subfamily may some- 
times be treated as a distinct family, Lobeliaceae. 
Compositae 
Calea L. 
A common Mexican shrub, Calea Zacatechichi Schlechten., 
belonging to a tropical American genus of about 100 species, 
represents one of the most recently reported hallucinogens. The 
Chontal Indians of Oaxaca take the leaves as an infusion for 
177 
