olt, conformed to the descriptions and illustrations oi pareira 

 hrava in the literature. Upon concluding that the true pareira 

 brava was derived from plants of Chondociendron lonientosum. 

 Hanbury (loc. cit.) mentioned the report of Peckolt that two 

 forms (ecotypes?) q[ pareira exist in Brazil: (1) "Pareira hrava 

 legi(ima"{N.\'. "Butua"), a larger plant from drier areas and (2) 

 "Pareira hrava miiula "{N.v. "Butinha"), a plant of much smaller 

 stature, and common in wetter habitats than the former. Han- 

 bury also included a list of what he considered to be nomenclat- 

 ural synonyms for Chotnlodendron lonientosum, evidently the 

 first account of synonymy for this plant. Of special interest is 

 Hanbury 's description of a third son o{ pareira hrava from Gui- 

 ana and northern Brazil, known there as "Pareira hrava grande". 

 and purportedly derived from another species of Menisper- 

 maceae— the liana Ahuta rufescens Aublet,— which he had 

 never before seen in commerce. Hanbury also was convinced 

 that the shipment o{ pareira hrava described by Squibb (1872), 

 as a mixture of stem and root of the same plant, must also have 

 been Chondodendron tomentosum, rather than Cissampelos 

 Pareira. 



Hanbury 's generic determination oi pareira hrava as Chon- 

 dodendron was later supported by Krukoff and Moldenke 

 (1938), although these authors identified both of the specimens 

 ("forms") sent by Peckolt to Hanbury, as Ch. platyphyllum (A. 

 St. Hil.) Miers rather than Ch. tomentosum, on the basis of 

 floral morphology. Krukoff and Moldenke also suspected that 

 Ch. mierophyllum (Eichl.) Moldenke, a close, south Brazilian 

 relative of Ch. platyphylhim, may also represent a source of 

 commercial /;a/t'/ra hrava; this was later confirmed by Krukoff 

 and Barneby(I970). 



Squibb (1872) had commented that importations under the 

 name o{ pareira hrava probably were of heterogeneous botanical 

 origin, a belief more recently reiterated by both Thomas (1963) 

 and Morton (1977). The phytochemical heterogeneity of radi.x 

 pareira bravae was suspected by Squibb (loc. cit.), who noted a 

 difference in both taste and dosage requirements between root 

 and stem, and confirmed by King (1940, 1946), who first isolated 

 the alkaloid bebeerine from Radix pareirae bravae. King dcm- 



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