28 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 



of Europe.: Vitrina limpida= V. pellucida^ Limax campestris=L. keris, 

 MiilL; Vertigo Gouldii—V. aljjestris, Aid.; Vertigo Bollesiana=V. pyg- 

 mcea, Drap. ; V. ovatti, = V. antivergo, Drap. : V. ventricosa — V. Moulin- 

 siana ; V. simj)l€x= V. edejitula, Drap.; Succinea ovalis=S. elegans, Eisso; 

 S. Totteniana= 8. piitris, Drap. var. A comparison of the lingual denti- 

 tion of many of tbese has convinced me that Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys is not 

 correct, as shown below in the descriptive portion of my work, under 

 each species of the list. 



From Asia have come into Alaska the following: Vitrina exilis, Patula 

 pauper^ Pupa horealis. 



The species peculiar to Greenland are Vitrina Angelicce, Zonites Fdb- 

 rieii, Pupa Hoppii^ and Succinea Groevlandica. Of these, Pupa Hoppii 

 has, however, also been found on Anticosti Island. 



Into this Northern Kegion have also been introduced by commerce 

 from Europe the following: Zonites cellarius, at most, if not oil of the 

 l)orts from IS^ew York to Halifax; Limax Jlaviis, L. agrestiSy and Arion 

 fusciis, which follow ihe white man over the whole United States, living 

 around his habitations ; and L. maximns, also around human habitations, 

 but noticed only in Newport, R. I., New York City, and Philadelphia; 

 Fruticicola hispida at Halifax, F. rufescens at Quebec; Taeliea hortensis 

 on the islands off the coast of New England and the British Provinces, 

 and on the mainland in Canada and Greenland. 



Of the species referred above to the Northern Eegion, several have 

 spread beyond its limits. Vitrina limpida has been found in Central 

 New York; Zonites viridulus extends to Mexico; Z. milium to California 

 (San Francisco) and Kentucky; Z. fulvus and Vallonia pulchella all over 

 the United States; Zonites nitidus, Z. multidentatus to Ohio, and ilficro- 

 physa minutissima to Texas and to California ; Ferussacia suhcylindrica 

 to the States south of the Great Lakes and into California and New 

 Mexico and mountains of North Carolina; Patula striatella to Virginia, 

 as well as into Oregon and Nevada, 



The Northern Region does not differ in the characteristics of its fauno. 

 from that lying south of it, but its climate is too severe for any but the 

 more hardy forms. Thuf , we find only the small species of Zonites and 

 disintegrated Helix, with the genus Vitrina. Compared with the bal- 

 ance of North America, the region is peculiar for the great distribution 

 of its species east and west, owing to the mountain-ranges having here 

 lost the great elevation which they have farther south, and thus ceas- 

 ing to be barriers to distribution. The region is also interesting as 

 being the source from whence have spread southward over the whole 



