28 E. W. Hopkins, 



The philosophical ideas of the Upanisads are here in embryo; 

 but not so clearl}^ developed as in some of the other works of this 

 character. It is rather to the early date of the Great Brahmana 

 than to delicacy that the intrusion of the Word into other tales as 

 a sort of secondary divinity is lacking. The SB., for example, makes 

 vise of Vac in this way in the account of Visvavasu (below), but 

 there is none of it in PB. Of purely philosophical utterances there 

 are not many (few are to be expected), but of this character are 

 the mystic " Mount up from fulness to fulness," 15, 12. 3 ; cf. 23. 

 19. 9 [agrad agram); "Thought precedes word (speech)," 11. 1. 3 

 (Ch. Up. 6. 8. 6, etc.) and 6. 4. 7, which says the same thing a 

 little more obscurely ('"Mind is the eye of the sea of speech,") for, 

 as said in 11. 1. 3 (and in the dispute between the two in TS. 2. 

 5. 11. 4—5), "One says with speech only what one first arrives at 

 with mind." Here too is the origin of the later (Ch. 5. 1. 1, etc.) 

 use of "oldest and best"; cf. 21. 2. 4, "he who has this knowledge 

 comes to the oldest and the best." Compare also iia mam vag 

 ativadet, etc., 5. 3. 7; 12. 13. 15 (the "ten breaths," with ndbhi, 19. 

 11. 3, are common in earlier literature). To the mysticism of sacri- 

 fice belong the treble triad, as in 7. 7. 8 (present, past, future; 

 self, son, and cattle ; earth, air, and sky) ; that other shibboleth of the 

 day : " What is hidden from men is clear to the gods," 22. 10. 3 

 (AB. 3. 3), etc.; and the frequent numerical analysis, "cattle 

 have sixteen parts," 19. 5. 6; 6. 2 (Pras. Up. 6. 2; Ch. Up. 6. 7. 3, 6). 



The Creator is identified with Him-that-stands-in-the-highest, in 

 19. 13. 3 f , repeated verbatim 22. 18. 4 f., in that each is •' absolute 

 power," but only this once. The Creator as " death " has a parallel 

 in the " deadly dawns " of 20. 1.4. As for man, his age is a hundred 

 years, 5. 6. 13. ; 25. 8. 3. Care must be taken to escape disease in 

 heaven, by sacrificing with the Sarvasvara (S. " contains all Samas," 

 trivrdagnisfornd) ; then one has anamayata (health) in heaven. Men 

 become gods, as gods became gods l^y sacrifice, 23. 6. 2-3 ; repe- 

 tition " even to weariness " brings the great reward of sacrifice (2. 

 2. 2; 5. 4. 9; 12. 11. 17; 16. 3. 6).i 



^ A few bits of physiological philosophy for comparison ■with other 

 works. madhyato vCi dtmano (never soul) hrdayam, 6. 4. 6 ; daksino rd 

 arddha dtmano (= dehasyd) vlryavattarali^ 5. 1. 13 ; daHina ilrdv Jcdgdtur 

 agnhh manthanti\ dak^inato hi retail s/'cyate, 8. 7. 10 ; 12. 10. 12 ; mithundt 

 prajdyate^ 16. 14. (3 (20. 11. 10; 13. 2; 15. 5, etc.); anutunndd dhi reto 

 dhiyatc^ 12. 10. 11 ; dvc striyd Une prajanmidya {dndalmge)^ 19. 3. 9; nndtirik- 

 tam vd ami prajah prajdyante^ 20. 12. 2 ; embryo, 20. 4. 3 and 7 ; tasindt 



