326 Albeii S. Cook, 



established by sea and land {tej-ra marique)^ The Halicarnassus in- 

 scription concerning Augustus has [Mitth. dcs Kaiser licli Deiitschen 

 Archceol. Iitstituts, Athen. Abth. 24 (1899). 293; Soltau, Birth oj 

 Jesus Christ, pp. 70 ff.) : ' peace prevails on earth and sea {uQiifsv- 



ovCL fj.Bf yaq yfj y.cci r^aXarzcc).^ 



Finally the Momtinentum Ancyranum, on which Augustus' exploits 

 were commemorated by his order, has the following (chap. 13) : 

 'Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close 

 when there was peace won by victory throughout the whole empire 

 of the Roman people on land and sea {terra marique), . . . the senate 

 three times ordered to be closed while I was princcps.^ 



Add Sannazaro, Part. Virg. 2. 116: 



Interea terra pacta jam pace marique. 



The currency of the conception that the peace of Augustus pre- 

 vailed at the birth of Christ is perhaps due as much to Orosius (fl. 

 A.D. 417) as to any one; see especially 1. 1. 6; 3. 8. 5-8; 4. 12. 

 4 ff. ; 6. 22. 1—4 of his history. To him Dante is no doubt indebted: 

 Par. 6. 55-57, 80-81; Mon. 1. 4, 16; Conv. 4, 5; though he may 

 also have drawn from Thomas Aquinas, Summa, P. 3, Qu. 35, Art. 8 ; 

 De Reg. Princ. 3. 10 ; or from Augustine, Civ. Dei 14. 35. Among 

 other Christian Latin writers who deal with the subject may be 

 mentioned Jerome, on Isa. 2. 4 (Migne, Patr. Lat. 24. 46) and Ps. 

 72 (26. 1028); Bede, De Temp. Rat. 66; cf ^Ifric, Horn. 1. 32; 

 Prudentius, Contra Symm. 2. 586-642. A striking couplet is that 

 by Alexander Neckam, De Laud. Div. Sap. 5. 209—210 (quoted by 

 Graf, Roma 1. 309): 



Salvator voluit sub tanto principe nasci, 

 Nam pax sub pacis principe nata fuit. 



The Greek Fathers had dealt with the same subject : for example, 

 Theodoret, on Ps. 72 (Migne, Patr. Or. 80. 1434) ; Cyril of Alex- 

 andria, on Isa. 2. 4. (70. 72—3) ; Origen, Contra Celsum 2. 30 ; on 

 Ps. 46. 8, 9 (12. 1435) ; Eusebius of Caesarea, Prcep. Evang. 1. 4 

 Oration in Praise of Constantine, chap. 16; on Ps. 46. 8, 9 (23. 411) 

 on Ps. 72. 7 (23. 802—3) ; Chr3^sostom, Contra Juda'os et Gentiles 

 on Isa. 2. 4; on Ps. 46. 8, 9. 



In modern times, it is variously touched upon ; for example, by 

 Lyly, Euphues and his England (Arber, p. 456) ; Bossuet, Disc, sur 

 I'Hist. Univ. ; Bishop Williams, Twelve Sermons, 2d ed. (London, 

 1708), p. 266; Merivale, Gen. Hist, of Rome, chap. 54; cf. Vacherot, 

 Hist. Crit. de I'Ecole d'Ale.xandrie 1. 116, 117, 121. 



