356 Albert S. Cook, 



B.D. 1. 2. 10). The word Baalim is associated with Ashtaroth in 

 Judg. 10. 6 (cf. 2. 13); 1 Sam. 7. 4; 12. 10; P.L. 1. 422. For the 

 connection with unchastit^', see Num. 25. 1—3 ; Hos. 2. 13. Verity 

 compares Mihon's reference in Of Reformation (P. W. 2. 402). 



198. temples dim. See the 'house of Baal' (1 Kings 16. 32; 

 2 Kings 11. 18). 



199. twice battered god. Cf. 1 Sam. 5. 1-5; P.L. 1. 457-466; 

 S.A. 13, 437, etc. 



200. mooned Ashtaroth. Ashtaroth is the plural form of Ash- 

 toreth, and sometimes the name of a place, while the latter always 

 designates a deity resembling the Babylonian Ishtar and the Greek 

 Aphrodite, and known to the Greeks as Astarte. Ashtoreth was the 

 principal divinity of the Sidonians (1 Kings 11.5, 33; 2 Kings 23. 

 13; cf. P.L. 1. 440). The interpretation of Ashtoreth as a moon- 

 goddess [ci.P.L. 1. 439, ' with crescent horns') reposes upon (Pseudo-) 

 Lucian, De Dea Syria § 4, where, speaking of the temple of Astarte 

 at Sidon, he says that he believes her to be the moon ; to the 

 same effect Herodian 5. 6. 10. Plutarch {Os. et Is. § 15) says that 

 Isis was called Astarte b}' some at Byblus, whither she had jour- 

 neyed ; cf. Sanchoniathon, ed. Orelli, p. 34). These and other similar 

 facts seem to point, according to Driver (op. cit., p. 171) to the 

 influence of Egypt upon Phoenicia, since 'Isis and Hathor are 

 habitually represented as supporting upon their heads, between two 

 cow-horns, the solar disc' 



That the worship of Ashtoreth was defiled b}^ impurities is tes- 

 tified by Lucian (toe. cit.) and by Eusebius, Life of Constantine 3. 55. 

 For the whole subject, see the article in Hastings, Bibl Diet. 



201. Heaven's queen. The 'queen of heaven' of Jer. 7. 18; 44. 

 17, 18, 19, 25 was almost certainly Ashtoreth or her prototype Ishtar 

 (Hastings, B.D. 1. 169), since Ishtar was queen of the gods, and 

 princess of heaven and earth ; Milton calls Ashtoreth ' queen of 

 heaven' {P.L. 1. 439;. 



mother, Ishtar or Ashtoreth was ' the goddess of generation 

 and productivity' (op. eit., p. 169). Newton comments: 'She was 

 called regina cceli and mater Demn. See Selden ' \De Diis Syris\ 



202. tapers' holy shine. In the Codex Theodosiainis (as cited 

 in the note on 191), no one is to adore the Lar, the Genius, or the 

 Penates by the lighting of lights {NtiUus . . . accendat himina). 

 Prudentius, Perist. 2. 71—2, says that it is reported concerning the 

 Christians that 



Auroque nocturnis sacris 

 Adstare fixos cereos. 



