328 Philip Ainsworth Means, 



sent Tiahuanaco art as having the austere elaborateness that 

 marks it in the highlands. Indeed, this characteristic of the 

 textiles of Tiahuanaco II on the coast may have been found also 

 on the pottery from that region and period. It may well have 

 been a heritage from the rich-tinted Proto-Nasca period. 



In many w^ays the civilization of the Tiahuanaco II "Empire" 

 was the highest that ever flourished in pre-Columbian America. 

 As has been said, it may not have been wholly a political 

 "empire," but it is probable that all through the wide area where 

 Tiahuanaco II objects are found there was a constant interchange 

 of ideas and merchandise. This opinion is borne out by the 

 fact that all the chief edifices at Tiahuanaco itself were of mas- 

 sive stone. On the coast, however, where the earlier people 

 (Proto-Chimu and Proto-Nasca) had used adobe and where 

 stone was not easily obtainable, the Tiahuanaco II people adapted 

 the old clay-ball architecture of their predecessors to their needs 

 by modifying the clay balls into real bricks of sun-dried clay. 

 These bricks, or adobes, ranged in size Irom seven or eight 

 inches in length to three feet or more. Dififerent sized adobes 

 were used for dififerent needs, just as dififerent sized stones were 

 used in the similar circumstances. 



4. THE RED-WHITE-BLACK AND EPIGONAL CULTURES. 



In general, it may be said that the red-white-black ware fol- 

 lowed the Tiahuanaco II period of the north part of the coast, 

 and that "epigonal" ware was distinctive of the southern part 

 of the coast. Both were the successors of Tiahuanaco II, and 

 both, especially the "epigonal," were influenced by it and by 

 the earliest cultures. In this period the architecture remained 

 much the same as in the preceding one, and the only radical 

 difiference that exists between Proto-Chimu and red-white-black 

 on the one hand and Proto-Nasca or Tiahuanaco II and "epi- 

 gonal" on the other is that neither of the later types were as 

 technically admirable as the earlier ones. 



Leaving for a later page the discussion of the details of this 

 art-period, we will mention the only hint we possess of who the 

 makers of the red-white-black ware were. It seems that the 

 dynasty of Chimu was preceded in a portion of the north part 

 of the coast by another dynasty called Naymlap whose chief seat 



